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J. Compos. Sci.
Volume 10
Issue 6
10.3390/jcs10060303
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimized Sol–Gel Synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composite Cathode Material: The Role of Pyrolysis Temperature and Carbon Content on Structural and Electrochemical Performance

by
Alina I. Seroshtan
1,2,
Zlata E. Priimak
1,2,
Polina A. Marmaza
1,2,
Dana E. Lembikova
1,2,
Nikita P. Ivanov
1,2,
Vladimir L. Rastorguev
2,3,
Alena R. Zaikova
2,3,
Alexander V. Syuy
4,5,6,
Yang Chengkai
2,
Anton V. Shurygin
2,
Vasilii I. Nemtinov
2,
Kirill A. Pervakov
2,
Ivan G. Tananaev
2,7,
Eugeniy K. Papynov
2,
Alexy V. Ognev
1,2 and
Oleg O. Shichalin
1,2,7,*
1
Electrochemical Sources for Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, Institute of Natural Sciences and Technosphere Safety, Sakhalin State University, Communist Ave. 33, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 693008, Russia
2
Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
3
Far-Eastern Geological Institute, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prospekt 100-letiya, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
4
Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 123592, Russia
5
Department of General Physics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia
6
Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
7
Kola Science Center, Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Ra Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 26a, Apatity 184209, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(6), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10060303
Submission received: 6 May 2026 / Revised: 23 May 2026 / Accepted: 28 May 2026 / Published: 31 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials for Energy Management, Storage or Transportation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries require cathode materials with high capacity and cycling stability. Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) offers a theoretical capacity of 197 mAh/g but suffers from poor electronic conductivity. In this study, a Li3V2(PO4)3/carbon (LVP/C) composite was synthesized via a citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. The effects of pyrolysis temperature (700–1000 °C) and citric acid-to-salt ratio (1:1, 0.5:1, 0.25:1) were systematically investigated. The optimal composite was obtained at 900 °C with a 1:1 ratio. This material exhibited a well-crystallized monoclinic structure (space group P21/c) with unit cell volume of 890.61 Å3. The amorphous carbon coating provided a specific surface area of 33.03 m2/g. Electrochemically, the optimal LVP/C_1:1 composite delivered an initial specific capacity of 114 mAh/g at C/10 rate—twice that of samples with lower carbon content. It also demonstrated 100% capacity retention after 25 cycles with favorable coulombic efficiency (67%) and reduced charge-transfer resistance. These results show that pyrolysis at 900 °C with a 1:1 citric acid-to-salt ratio provides an optimal balance between crystallinity, carbon coating uniformity, and electrochemical performance for high-performance LVP/C composite cathodes.
Keywords: Li3V2(PO4)3/C; sol–gel synthesis; annealing temperature; carbon containing; lithium-ion batteries Li3V2(PO4)3/C; sol–gel synthesis; annealing temperature; carbon containing; lithium-ion batteries

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MDPI and ACS Style

Seroshtan, A.I.; Priimak, Z.E.; Marmaza, P.A.; Lembikova, D.E.; Ivanov, N.P.; Rastorguev, V.L.; Zaikova, A.R.; Syuy, A.V.; Chengkai, Y.; Shurygin, A.V.; et al. Optimized Sol–Gel Synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composite Cathode Material: The Role of Pyrolysis Temperature and Carbon Content on Structural and Electrochemical Performance. J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10060303

AMA Style

Seroshtan AI, Priimak ZE, Marmaza PA, Lembikova DE, Ivanov NP, Rastorguev VL, Zaikova AR, Syuy AV, Chengkai Y, Shurygin AV, et al. Optimized Sol–Gel Synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composite Cathode Material: The Role of Pyrolysis Temperature and Carbon Content on Structural and Electrochemical Performance. Journal of Composites Science. 2026; 10(6):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10060303

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seroshtan, Alina I., Zlata E. Priimak, Polina A. Marmaza, Dana E. Lembikova, Nikita P. Ivanov, Vladimir L. Rastorguev, Alena R. Zaikova, Alexander V. Syuy, Yang Chengkai, Anton V. Shurygin, and et al. 2026. "Optimized Sol–Gel Synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composite Cathode Material: The Role of Pyrolysis Temperature and Carbon Content on Structural and Electrochemical Performance" Journal of Composites Science 10, no. 6: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10060303

APA Style

Seroshtan, A. I., Priimak, Z. E., Marmaza, P. A., Lembikova, D. E., Ivanov, N. P., Rastorguev, V. L., Zaikova, A. R., Syuy, A. V., Chengkai, Y., Shurygin, A. V., Nemtinov, V. I., Pervakov, K. A., Tananaev, I. G., Papynov, E. K., Ognev, A. V., & Shichalin, O. O. (2026). Optimized Sol–Gel Synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composite Cathode Material: The Role of Pyrolysis Temperature and Carbon Content on Structural and Electrochemical Performance. Journal of Composites Science, 10(6), 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10060303

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