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Article

Optimization of Multi-User Secure Communication Rate Under Swarm Warden Detection in ISAC Networks

College of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Drones 2026, 10(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010023 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 October 2025 / Revised: 2 December 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 1 January 2026

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems have been widely applied in various scenarios recently. This paper aims to maximize the total secure communication rate (SCR) of multiple users while ensuring the minimum beamforming gain towards sensing targets under the surveillance of multiple UAV warden swarms. To reduce the risk of detection, a novel type of artificial noise (AN) is introduced to interfere with swarm wardens. We conduct an analysis of the detection error probability (DEP) of these wardens and subsequently establish a mathematical model. In this model, the SCR is maximized subject to power, trajectory, sensing performance, and secure communication constraints. Since the problem is non-convex and the variables to be optimized are numerous and complex, we decompose the problem into three sub-problems. Then, an overall algorithm is proposed to solve these sub-problems separately. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme leads to a significant increase in the SCR. Moreover, the system exhibits highly stable performance in both communication and sensing tasks over time, indicating its robustness and reliability. Additionally, communication fairness among users is ensured, and energy efficiency is enhanced.
Keywords: artificial noise; secure communication; swarm wardens; beamforming vectors; trajectory optimization artificial noise; secure communication; swarm wardens; beamforming vectors; trajectory optimization

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yu, K.; Hu, H.; Huang, Y.; Li, W.; Gao, W.; Cheng, G. Optimization of Multi-User Secure Communication Rate Under Swarm Warden Detection in ISAC Networks. Drones 2026, 10, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010023

AMA Style

Yu K, Hu H, Huang Y, Li W, Gao W, Cheng G. Optimization of Multi-User Secure Communication Rate Under Swarm Warden Detection in ISAC Networks. Drones. 2026; 10(1):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010023

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu, Kuanhao, Hang Hu, Yangchao Huang, Wei Li, Weiting Gao, and Guobing Cheng. 2026. "Optimization of Multi-User Secure Communication Rate Under Swarm Warden Detection in ISAC Networks" Drones 10, no. 1: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010023

APA Style

Yu, K., Hu, H., Huang, Y., Li, W., Gao, W., & Cheng, G. (2026). Optimization of Multi-User Secure Communication Rate Under Swarm Warden Detection in ISAC Networks. Drones, 10(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10010023

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