Next Article in Journal
Use of Scenario-Based Nominal Group Techniques to Evaluate System Functions: Examples from the USA & Sweden
Previous Article in Journal
A Program Evaluation Framework for P/CVE
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Proceeding Paper

The Potential of Spent Barley as a Functional Food Ingredient: Study on the Comparison of Dietary Fiber and Bioactivity †

1
Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
2
Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
3
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
4
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
5
Fraunhofer Institut, Freising, Germany
6
Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, TFTAK, Tallin, Estonia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Food Science and Functional Foods, 10–25 November 2020; Available online: https://foods_2020.sciforum.net/.
Proceedings 2021, 70(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08486
Published: 20 November 2020

Abstract

:
This research aimed to conduct a comparison of 8 different forms of brewery spent grain (BSG) on their polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity as part of their potential as a functional food ingredient. The BSGs were dried until they reached a stable weight, grounded to pass through a 385 µm sieve and were vacuum packed in non-transparent packaging for further analysis. The results showed that BSG contained a high dietary fiber content which was dominated by a insoluble dietary fiber level of about 38.0–43.9% and a soluble dietary fiber content of about 3.9–9.6%. There were three groups of polyphenolic identified: flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids and flavonols at quantities of 362.1–1165.7 mg/kg, 65.8–122.5 mg/kg and 3.6–13.8 mg/kg, respectively. Antioxidant capacity was examined using an in vitro assessment: the 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS) capacity ranged from 0.086 to 0.241 mmol Trolox/100 g while the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) capacity ranged from 0.106 to 0.306 µmol TE/100 g. In conclusion, BSG as a brewery waste can potentially be used as a functional food ingredient due to its properties. It is suggested that further studies are needed to explore BSG’s impact on the development of functional food products.

1. Introduction

Brewery spent grain (BSG), a by-product of the brewery industry, is generated using about 41% of beer waste production and 31% of malt materials [1,2]. A total of 20 kg of BSG is obtained from a 100 dm3 beer load. Notably, in 2018, 1.94 billion hl of beer was produced worldwide [3]. Agro-industrial by-products are renewable resources because they are non-hazardous forms of waste. Valorization of biowaste is profitable for environmental, economic and human health reasons [4]. BSG has considerable potential to be used for several purposes such as for animal feed, food ingredients, polymer production, microbial products and nutritional applications [2]. The versatility of BSG is supported by its fiber compounds. Fiber is a good source of nutraceutical and nutrition, biopolymer and bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and substrates for microflora, as well as a source of bio-chemicals and biofuels [5,6].
There are some factors which affect the characteristics of BSG, including genetic variations of the crops used, the specificity of brewery production, treatment and pre-treatment after beer production [7]. Pre-treatment strategies, chemical and physical techniques have been studied involving BSG, specifically for its impact on protein quality [8]. In addition, the brewing process affected the amount of hydroxycinnamic acid in BSG [9], while drying methods [7] and types of malts [10] have been compared and showed that BSG has an impact on their polyphenolic and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, different types of solvent used for polyphenolic extraction from BSG impacted the bioactivity of the compounds [11].
Those differences show that any treatments or methods directly impact the BSG’s properties, which leads to the differences in the effects of BSG products. There is a lack of reliable scientific reports on comparison of the quality of BSGs from various sources. Thus, this study aimed to identify the differences of BSG from eight different brewery industries based on their polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

BSGs were obtained from 8 different brewery industries in Poland (1 big brewery plant and 1 craft brewery), Germany (2 big and 2 small scale breweries) and Estonia, and were directly dried by convective drying. The samples were then ground using a mill laboratory scale to reach a maximum particle size of about 385 µm ± 10%. The samples were kept in aluminum bags and a chiller room for further analysis. All of the chemicals used were of analytical grades (Chempur, Wroclaw, Poland).

2.2. Chemical Composition and Bioactivity

Dietary fiber including non-soluble and total dietary fiber were assessed according to AOAC 991.43, while soluble dietary fiber was calculated by difference. Antioxidant capacities were studied in vitro in ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS) [12], while total polyphenolic was assessed using the UPLC-PDA-FL method [13]. The extraction method for total polyphenolic and antioxidant analysis was carried out by using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE).

3. Results

3.1. Dietary Fiber Composition

Total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) are shown in Table 1. There is a variability shown for the fiber profile within the 8 BSG samples. The value for SDF were 3.98–9.66% while IDF and TDF were 36.37–43.97% and 43.97–53.56%, respectively.

3.2. Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity

There are three major groups of polyphenolic compounds which were identified from BSG: flavonols, phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols and antioxidant capacity, which are shown in Table 2. Regarding their abundance, flavan-3-ols is the highest followed by phenolic acids and flavonols. The values for Flavan-3-ols were 362.119–1165.698 mg/kg dw while phenolic acids and flavonols were 65.768–122.532 mg/kg dw and 3.590–13.778 mg/kg dw, respectively. In general, the ability of BSG as an antioxidant is higher for FRAP except for BSG VIII. Antioxidant capacities for ABTS and FRAP were 0.086–0.241 mmol Trolox/100 g dw and 0.106–0.306 µmol TE/100 g dw for the samples, respectively.

4. Discussion

The SDF obtained on this study is higher and IDF is lower than in other studies, which reported 1.3% SDF and 58.2% IDF in BSG [14]. This result might be different due to the particle size of the spent grain, as it was noticed that the variability in particle size affects the fiber composition and amount [15]. However, the amount of TDF was in the range of other reports at 51–53% [16,17]. Reducing particle size of BSG transformed the IDF into SDF, thus the amount of IDF will increase and the amount of SDF decreases at the same time [15]. The SDF of BSG consisted of several monosaccharides such as rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in order of the retention time [18]. Moreover, BSG approximately contained 15–26% cellulose, 15–34% hemicellulose and 12–31% lignin [2,4,5,19,20,21].
The benefits of DF for human health have been widely known, especially for non-communicable diseases. It has some properties for human health such as regulating hypoglycemia, inhibiting a-amylase activity and binding cholesterol and sodium chelate [22]. DF is also able to regulate diarrhea by promoting defecation [23]. Noticeably, SDF from BSG increased activities and mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [18]. The ability of the DF properties might connect with polyphenolic content. Removing the polyphenolic bounds from DF could decrease the antioxidant capacity, as well as the prebiotic properties of the DF [24].
In this study, polyphenols compounds were identified in three different groups: flavonols, phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. It was discovered that phenolic acids appeared with the most abundance compounds (Figure 1). Hydroxycinnamic acid (HA) is the most abundance phenolic acid from BSG [9]. The peaks detected in Figure 1 might be responsible for HA groups such as ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA) derivatives, FA derivatives, p-CA, caffeic acid (CA) and CA derivatives.
As was observed in other parameters, the amounts of polyphenolic compounds varied in between the 8 different samples. The differences in amount of phenolic compounds depend on the grain type, brewer process as well as environmental factors such as soil type, sun exposure and climate conditions during the plantation [9]. The higher the polyphenolic content the higher the FRAP antioxidant capacity, as well as the DNA protection induced by H2O2 [25]. Total flavonoids are related to DPPH capability of BSG regarding the simple regression analysis [21]. As was mentioned previously, fiber might be connected to the polyphenolic content due to the attachment of phenolic to fiber functional groups.
The variability of antioxidant abilities (FRAP and DPPH) of BSG depended on extraction processes such as solvents and the methods used [6,21]. Surprisingly, the antioxidant capacity of BSG extract was higher compared to synthetic antioxidants and almost the same as the ability of BHA as an antioxidant [6]. In addition, the crude extract of BSG showed antimicrobial properties against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Polyphenolic compounds including protocatechuic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic acid and catechin were responsible for the bioactivity of BSG. In this research, there was no evidence to show the relation between antioxidant capacity with other parameters studied such as dietary fiber and polyphenolic content.

5. Conclusions

In summary, BSG expresses beneficial properties as a functional food ingredient based on the dietary fiber composition, polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the extract of BSG. However, it was observed that different brewery sources led to different BSG properties such as physical properties, chemical composition and biological activity. From this result, it is suggested that further study is needed to improve the BSG impact on the processing as well as final products of functional food.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.N. and M.K.; methodology, M.K., J.N. and A.W.; validation, M.K. and A.W.; formal analysis, A.W. and J.N.; investigation, M.K. and A.W.; resources, M.K. and A.W.; writing—original draft preparation, J.N.; writing—review and editing, M.K. and A.W.; supervision, M.K.; project administration, M.K., A.W., A.F., B.Y., O.L., M.F., R.V. and E.V.; funding acquisition, M.K., A.W., A.F., B.Y., O.L., M.F., R.V. and E.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the UPWR 2.0: International and Interdisciplinary Programme of Development of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences and was co-financed by the European Social Fund under the Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development 2014–2020: Axis III Higher education for the economy and development; Action 3.5. Comprehensive programs for schools of higher education. Contract Number POWR.03.05.00-00-Z062/18.ERA-NET CO-FUND Horyzont 2020-FACCE SURPLUS Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture for Food and Non-Food Systems. PROWASTE Protein-fiber fiber biorefinery for scattered material streams. 2019–2021.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Garcia-Garcia, G.; Stone, J.; Rahimifard, S. Opportunities for waste valorisation in the food industry e A case study with four UK food manufacturers. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 211, 1339–1356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Nigam, P.S. An overview: Recycling of solid barley waste generated as a by-product in distillery and brewery. Waste Manag. 2017, 62, 255–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Conway, J. Global Beer Production 1998–2018. Alcohol Beverages. 12 October 2020. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/270275/worldwide-beer-production/ (accessed on 20 November 2020).
  4. Ravindran, R.; Jaiswal, S.; Abu-Ghannam, N.; Jaiswal, A.K. A comparative analysis of pretreatment strategies on the properties and hydrolysis of brewers’ spent grain. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 248, 272–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Amorim, C.; Silvério, S.C.; Rodrigues, L.R. One-step process for producing prebiotic arabino-xylooligosaccharides from brewer’s spent grain employing Trichoderma species. Food Chem. 2019, 270, 86–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Barbosa-Pereira, L.; Bilbao, A.; Vilches, P.; Angulo, I.; Lluis, J.; Fité, B.; Paseiro-Losada, P.; Cruz, J.M. Brewery waste as a potential source of phenolic compounds: Optimisation of the extraction process and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Food Chem. 2014, 145, 191–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Santos, M.; Jiménez, J.; Bartolomé, B.; Gómez-Cordovés, C.; Del Nozal, M. Variability of brewer’s spent grain within a brewery. Food Chem. 2003, 80, 17–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Qin, F.; Johansen, A.Z.; Mussatto, S.I. Evaluation of different pretreatment strategies for protein extraction from brewer’s spent grains. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 125, 443–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. McCarthy, A.L.; O’Callaghan, Y.C.; Neugart, S.; Piggott, C.O.; Connolly, A.; Jansen, M.A.; Krumbein, A.; Schreiner, M.; Fitzgerald, R.J.; O’Brien, N.M. The hydroxycinnamic acid content of barley and brewers’ spent grain (BSG) and the potential to incorporate phenolic extracts of BSG as antioxidants into fruit beverages. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 2567–2574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Moreira, M.M.; Morais, S.; Carvalho, D.O.; Barros, A.; Delerue-Matos, C.; Guido, L.F. Brewer’s spent grain from different types of malt: Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and identification of the major phenolic compounds. Food Res. Int. 2013, 54, 382–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Socaci, S.A.; Fărcaș, A.C.; Diaconeasa, Z.; Vodnar, D.C.; Rusu, B.; Tofană, M. Influence of the extraction solvent on phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of brewers’ spent grain. J. Cereal Sci. 2018, 80, 180–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Wojdyło, A.; Oszmiański, J.; Bielicki, P. Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) Activity of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) Varieties. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 2762–2772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Turkiewicz, I.P.; Wojdyło, A.; Tkacz, K.; Nowicka, P.; Golis, T.; Bąbelewski, P. ABTS On-Line Antioxidant, α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Pancreatic Lipase, Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of Chaenomeles Fruits Determined by Polyphenols and other Chemical Compounds. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Angioloni, A.; Collar, C. Physicochemical and nutritional properties of reduced-caloric density high-fibre breads. LWT 2011, 44, 747–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Nocente, F.; Taddei, F.; Galassi, E.; Gazza, L. Upcycling of brewers’ spent grain by production of dry pasta with higher nutritional potential. LWT 2019, 114, 108421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Stojceska, V.; Ainsworth, P. The effect of different enzymes on the quality of high-fibre enriched brewer’s spent grain breads. Food Chem. 2008, 110, 865–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Zhang, H.; Cao, X.; Yin, M.; Wang, J. Soluble dietary fiber from Qing Ke (highland barley) brewers spent grain could alter the intestinal cholesterol efflux in Caco-2 cells. J. Funct. Foods 2018, 47, 100–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Balogun, A.O.; Sotoudehniakarani, F.; McDonald, A.G. Thermo-kinetic, spectroscopic study of brewer’s spent grains and characterisation of their pyrolysis products. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2017, 127, 8–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Čater, M.; Fanedl, L.; Malovrh, Š.; Logar, R.M. Biogas production from brewery spent grain enhanced by bioaugmentation with hydrolytic anaerobic bacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 186, 261–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Meneses, N.G.T.; Martins, S.; Teixeira, J.A.; Mussatto, S.I. Influence of extraction solvents on the recovery of antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewer’s spent grains. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2013, 108, 152–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Benítez, V.; Campos-Vega, R.; Hernanz, S.; Chantres, S.; Aguilera, Y.; Martín-Cabrejas, M.A. Coffee parchment as a new dietary fiber ingredient: Functional and physiological characterization. Food Res. Int. 2019, 122, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Qi, X.; Tester, R.F. Utilisation of dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharide and resistant starch) molecules for diarrhoea therapy: A mini-review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 122, 572–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Liu, S.; Jia, M.; Chen, J.; Wan, H.; Dong, R.; Nie, S.; Xie, M.; Yu, Q. Removal of bound polyphenols and its effect on antioxidant and prebiotics properties of carrot dietary fiber. Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 93, 284–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. McCarthy, A.L.; O’Callaghan, Y.C.; Connolly, A.; Piggott, C.O.; Fitzgerald, R.J.; O’Brien, N.M. Phenolic extracts of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) as functional ingredients—Assessment of their DNA protective effect against oxidant-induced DNA single strand breaks in U937 cells. Food Chem. 2012, 134, 641–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1. Chromatogram of phenolic acids of brewers spent grain.
Figure 1. Chromatogram of phenolic acids of brewers spent grain.
Proceedings 70 00086 g001
Table 1. Dietary fiber composition of 8 different spent grains.
Table 1. Dietary fiber composition of 8 different spent grains.
Spent GrainDietary Fiber (%)
SolubleInsolubleTotal
I3.98041.52545.505
II6.04043.09549.135
III9.72437.65147.375
IV9.58843.97253.560
V8.22136.21944.440
VI5.95938.01543.975
VII7.10343.85650.959
VIII7.72140.58948.310
Note: I: Foundation II German Pale Ale; II: Bojanowo; III: WB; IV: Onnevalemi Komonendid; V: Drunken Soiler India Pale Ale, VI: Sto Mostow; VII: Fest; VIII: Elveliksiirid.
Table 2. Polyphenolic and antioxidant capacity of 8 different spent grains.
Table 2. Polyphenolic and antioxidant capacity of 8 different spent grains.
Spent GrainPolyphenolic (mg/kg)Antioxidant
FlavonolsPhenolic AcidsFlavan-3-olsTotalABTSFRAP
I10.06100.55824.95935.560.0860.106
II13.7896.10886.41996.290.0910.155
III12.69122.531165.701300.920.1540.253
IV11.9268.97432.78513.660.1520.249
V7.53104.13824.58936.240.1050.204
VI13.56108.24527.07648.860.1840.306
VII9.70115.28529.50654.490.1720.278
VIII3.5965.77362.12431.480.2410.200
Note: *ABTS unit: mmol Trolox/100 g dw; FRAP unit: µmol TE/100 g dw; I: Foundation II German Pale Ale; II: Bojanowo; III: WB; IV: Onnevalemi Komonendid; V: Drunken Soiler India Pale Ale, VI: Sto Mostow; VII: Fest; VIII: Elveliksiirid.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Naibaho, J.; Korzeniowska, M.; Wojdyło, A.; Figiel, A.; Yang, B.; Laaksonen, O.; Foste, M.; Vilu, R.; Viiard, E. The Potential of Spent Barley as a Functional Food Ingredient: Study on the Comparison of Dietary Fiber and Bioactivity. Proceedings 2021, 70, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08486

AMA Style

Naibaho J, Korzeniowska M, Wojdyło A, Figiel A, Yang B, Laaksonen O, Foste M, Vilu R, Viiard E. The Potential of Spent Barley as a Functional Food Ingredient: Study on the Comparison of Dietary Fiber and Bioactivity. Proceedings. 2021; 70(1):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08486

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naibaho, Joncer, Małgorzata Korzeniowska, Aneta Wojdyło, Adam Figiel, Baoru Yang, Oskar Laaksonen, Maike Foste, Raivo Vilu, and Ene Viiard. 2021. "The Potential of Spent Barley as a Functional Food Ingredient: Study on the Comparison of Dietary Fiber and Bioactivity" Proceedings 70, no. 1: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08486

APA Style

Naibaho, J., Korzeniowska, M., Wojdyło, A., Figiel, A., Yang, B., Laaksonen, O., Foste, M., Vilu, R., & Viiard, E. (2021). The Potential of Spent Barley as a Functional Food Ingredient: Study on the Comparison of Dietary Fiber and Bioactivity. Proceedings, 70(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08486

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop