A Critical Review of Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation in Sports: Multidisciplinary Therapy and Athlete Recovery ^†

Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a disruption of normal brain function commonly triggered by falls, violence, motor vehicle accidents, or contact sports, and is considered one of the leading causes of death and disability. In the context of high-performance sports, the rehabilitation of athletes with TBI goes beyond clinical medicine and is inseparable from the patients’ biopsychosocial aspects. This study aims to analyze the impact of multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches—medical treatment, physical and cognitive rehabilitation, psychological support, social assistance, and sports reintegration—in order to optimize prognosis and ensure the mental health of athletes with TBI. Methodology: A normative literature review of national and international journals indexed in PubMed, Scielo, and ScienceDirect, based on the selection of recent publications (2013–2025) addressing the clinical and social context of sports-related TBI. Results: The literature showed that biological factors (extent and severity of the injury), social factors (socioeconomic support), psychological factors (socioemotional skills), and ecological factors (healthcare system and sports environment) have a significant influence on the rehabilitation of patients with TBI. Emotional and contextual elements are directly linked to the athlete’s engagement in the recovery process and must be considered by healthcare teams to plan effective treatment strategies. Conclusions: Therefore, the integration of multidisciplinary care and the consistent application of resolutive clinical protocols are essential to optimize rehabilitation and ensure effective reintegration into sports.