Introduction: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and highly lethal neoplasm. It predominantly affects individuals over 60 years of age and represents less than 2% of all thyroid cancers [1,2]. Its genomic profile plays a central role in personalizing therapeutic options and guiding clinical management. This research aimed to analyze the implications of oncogenomics in the management of ATC. Methodology: A narrative review was conducted, including studies published between 2016 and 2025, in English or Portuguese, and indexed in PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. A total of eight studies were included, and data were analyzed descriptively, focusing on recurrent mutations and their therapeutic relevance. Results: Evidence suggests that ATC arises from the progression of differentiated thyroid carcinomas and is associated with pathogenic variants in the BRAF and RAS genes, which drive its evolution into undifferentiated carcinoma [2,3]. In a cohort including 196 ATC patients, the BRAFV600E mutation appeared in 41% of cases and was associated with a worse prognosis. Conversely, patients harboring this genetic alteration may be treated with a combination of the BRAF inhibitor (dabrafenib) and the MEK inhibitor (trametinib), with a 12-month survival rate of 80% [4,5,6]. Other genes, including TP53, TERT, PI3K, and PTEN, have also been implicated as driver mutations and represent potential targets for future personalized therapies [7]. Conclusions: Oncogenomic findings in ATC reveal molecular alterations with therapeutic implications. Targeted therapies against driver mutations, especially BRAFV600E, demonstrate clinical benefit and the potential of precision medicine. Therefore, expanding the search for additional mutations is essential to further advance clinical practice [8].
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.G.B.R. and S.V.B.; methodology, M.G.B.R.; software, M.G.B.R., S.O.L.B., P.R.V. and S.M.; validation, M.G.B.R. and S.V.B.; formal analysis, M.G.B.R.; investigation, M.G.B.R.; resources, M.G.B.R.; data curation, M.G.B.R.; writing—original draft preparation, M.G.B.R.; writing—review and editing, M.G.B.R.; visualization, M.G.B.R. and B.S.L.D.; supervision, S.V.B. and B.S.L.D.; project administration, B.S.L.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are derived from previously published articles, all of which are cited in the reference list. No new datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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