CAR-NK Cells: A Promising Emerging Approach in Cancer Immunotherapy—A Review ^†

Chimeric Antigen Receptor-modified Natural Killer (CAR-NK) cells have emerged as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy by combining the intrinsic cytotoxic activity of NK cells with antigen-specific targeting through genetic engineering [1,2]. Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR-NK therapies are associated with a lower risk of severe cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity and present potential for off-the-shelf manufacturing [1,2]. This review aims to analyze recent technological advances and clinical developments in CAR-NK cell therapy. A narrative literature review was conducted using international databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central, covering publications from 2020 to 2025. Studies addressing preclinical models, clinical trials, manufacturing strategies, safety, and efficacy of CAR-NK therapies were included. Clinical studies in hematologic malignancies demonstrate encouraging response rates and favorable safety profiles, with reduced incidence of severe cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity [1,2]. Preclinical investigations also indicate potential activity against solid tumors and suggest possible advantages over CAR-T approaches in specific contexts. In addition, Brazilian research initiatives have contributed to the development of scalable and safer CAR-NK platforms [3]. CAR-NK cell therapy represents a relevant and evolving approach in cancer immunotherapy, with promising safety and efficacy profiles and potential for scalable production, and ongoing advances may expand its applicability in both hematologic and solid tumors [1,2,3].