Ibuprofen and ketoprofen (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed due to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antithrombotic effects. However, conventional forms have limitations, including short plasma half-life and frequent adverse effects. The development of nanostructured drug delivery systems is aimed at improving efficacy and minimising side effects [1,2]. Chitosan (a natural, biodegradable, biocompatible, and mucoadhesive polymer) has been used as a matrix for controlled drug release [3,4]. A study developed chitosan-based nano/microspheres for the controlled release of ibuprofen and ketoprofen. Nano/microspheres of pure chitosan (QP 65 and QP 80), chitosan–ketoprofen (QC 2:1), and chitosan–ibuprofen (QIB 2:1) were synthesized via ionic/hydrothermal gelation and spray drying. Characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Molecular interactions were assessed using structural modelling and bioinformatics. SEM confirmed homogeneous particle formation. FTIR indicated interactions between chitosan amine groups and drug carboxyl groups. Deacetylation values matched literature standards. DSC/TG analyses showed good thermal stability. The systems were produced without chemical crosslinking, representing an original methodological approach. Chitosan-based nano/microspheres for ibuprofen and ketoprofen are promising controlled release systems suitable for oral or intravenous use. They may reduce adverse effects and enhance therapeutic efficacy compared to conventional forms. Further pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical studies are needed to confirm applicability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, T.R.S. and M.H.R.M.; methodology, F.H.N. and L.M.B.; validation, R.D.A.A. and E.S.F.; investigation, H.A.B.D.S.; writing, original draft preparation, E.S.F.; writing, review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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