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Article

Responses of Winter Barley Genotypes to Low Nitrogen Supply Under Rainfed Conditions

by
Liliana Vasilescu
1,*,†,
Eugen-Iulian Petcu
1,
Ioana Crișan
2,
Elena Partal
1,
Vasile Silviu Vasilescu
1,
Alexandrina Sîrbu
3,
Leon Muntean
4 and
Andreea D. Ona
4,*,†
1
Department of Breeding Small Cereals, National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea, 915200 Fundulea, Romania
2
Department of Spring Barley Breeding, Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, 401100 Turda, Romania
3
Department of Technical Economic Sciences, Faculty of Management, Marketing in Economic Business, Constantin Brâncoveanu University of Pitești, 247415 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
4
Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nitrogen 2026, 7(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen7030104
Submission received: 12 August 2026 / Revised: 10 September 2026 / Accepted: 14 September 2026 / Published: 16 September 2026
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Abstract

Reducing nitrogen inputs while maintaining grain yield and quality is an important objective for sustainable barley production. This study evaluated 39 winter barley genotypes (20 six-row and 19 two-row) under two N management treatments following pea as the preceding crop during two contrasting growing seasons (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) under rainfed conditions. Both treatments received the same basal fertilization, while the fertilized treatment received an additional 46 kg N ha−1 as urea. Yield response to additional N differed between barley types and growing seasons. In six-row barley, grain yield increased by 5.9% in 2021–2022 but decreased by 4.8% in 2022–2023, whereas two-row barley maintained positive responses of 7.9% and 5.9%, respectively. Additional N consistently increased grain protein content by 17.2–21.7% in six-row and 17.1–19.0% in two-row barley, while starch content decreased in both barley types. NDVI generally increased following additional N application. GGE biplot analysis revealed substantial genotypic variation in performance and response across the four year × nitrogen combinations evaluated at the experimental location. Overall, two-row barley showed a more consistent yield response to additional N across the two growing seasons, while the identified genotypic variation provides useful material for selecting winter barley adapted to reduced N inputs following a legume preceding crop.
Keywords: winter barley; nitrogen fertilization; NDVI; grain yield; grain quality; protein content; starch content; agronomic nitrogen efficiency; genotype stability winter barley; nitrogen fertilization; NDVI; grain yield; grain quality; protein content; starch content; agronomic nitrogen efficiency; genotype stability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vasilescu, L.; Petcu, E.-I.; Crișan, I.; Partal, E.; Vasilescu, V.S.; Sîrbu, A.; Muntean, L.; Ona, A.D. Responses of Winter Barley Genotypes to Low Nitrogen Supply Under Rainfed Conditions. Nitrogen 2026, 7, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen7030104

AMA Style

Vasilescu L, Petcu E-I, Crișan I, Partal E, Vasilescu VS, Sîrbu A, Muntean L, Ona AD. Responses of Winter Barley Genotypes to Low Nitrogen Supply Under Rainfed Conditions. Nitrogen. 2026; 7(3):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen7030104

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vasilescu, Liliana, Eugen-Iulian Petcu, Ioana Crișan, Elena Partal, Vasile Silviu Vasilescu, Alexandrina Sîrbu, Leon Muntean, and Andreea D. Ona. 2026. "Responses of Winter Barley Genotypes to Low Nitrogen Supply Under Rainfed Conditions" Nitrogen 7, no. 3: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen7030104

APA Style

Vasilescu, L., Petcu, E.-I., Crișan, I., Partal, E., Vasilescu, V. S., Sîrbu, A., Muntean, L., & Ona, A. D. (2026). Responses of Winter Barley Genotypes to Low Nitrogen Supply Under Rainfed Conditions. Nitrogen, 7(3), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen7030104

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