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Review

A Digital Twin Threat Survey

by
Manuel Suárez-Román
1,2,
Mario Sanz-Rodrigo
3,
Andrés Marín-López
3 and
David Arroyo
1,*
1
Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
2
School of Engineering, Science and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain
3
ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(10), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252
Submission received: 14 August 2025 / Revised: 25 September 2025 / Accepted: 28 September 2025 / Published: 2 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Internet of Things Architectures, Applications, and Strategies: Emerging Paradigms, Technologies, and Advancing AI Integration)
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Abstract

Virtual and digital twins are means of high value to characterize, model and control physical systems, providing the basis for a simulation environment and lab. In the case of a digital twin, it is possible to have a replica of a physical environment by means of reliable sensor networks and accurate data. In this paper we analyse in detail the threats to the reliability of the information extracted from these sensor networks, along with a set of challenges to guarantee data liveness and trustworthiness.
Keywords: digital twins; computer security; digital threats; industrial cybersecurity digital twins; computer security; digital threats; industrial cybersecurity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Suárez-Román, M.; Sanz-Rodrigo, M.; Marín-López, A.; Arroyo, D. A Digital Twin Threat Survey. Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9, 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252

AMA Style

Suárez-Román M, Sanz-Rodrigo M, Marín-López A, Arroyo D. A Digital Twin Threat Survey. Big Data and Cognitive Computing. 2025; 9(10):252. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suárez-Román, Manuel, Mario Sanz-Rodrigo, Andrés Marín-López, and David Arroyo. 2025. "A Digital Twin Threat Survey" Big Data and Cognitive Computing 9, no. 10: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252

APA Style

Suárez-Román, M., Sanz-Rodrigo, M., Marín-López, A., & Arroyo, D. (2025). A Digital Twin Threat Survey. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 9(10), 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252

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