Earthquake Insurance in California, USA: What Does Community-Generated Big Data Reveal to Us?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Google Trends: An Overview
2.2. The Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. From the USA to California: A Progressive Zoomed in Analysis
3.2. A closer Analysis: The Earthquakes and Other Natural Hazards as Factors Sparking off Interest
4. Conclusions, Perspectives and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period | Years | Total Days | Total RSV | Days RSV = 0 | % Days RSV = 0 | % Days RSV > 0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole | 2004–2021 | 6574 | 13,490 | 5040 | 77 | 23 |
I | 2004–2009 | 2191 | 2267 | 2023 | 92 | 8 |
II | 2010–2015 | 2191 | 3849 | 1718 | 78 | 22 |
III | 2016–2021 | 2192 | 7373 | 1299 | 59 | 41 |
Period | Years | Spearman (1) | Pearson (1) | Spearman (2) | Pearson (2) | Spearman (3) | Pearson (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 2004–2009 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.11 |
II | 2010–2015 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
III | 2016–2021 | 0.08 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.35 |
RSV Range | Level of Attention |
---|---|
1–25 | Low (L) |
26–50 | Moderate (M) |
51–75 | High (H) |
76–100 | Very High (VH) |
Period | Event Date | Triggering Event | Epicentral/ Affected Area | Magnitude/ Category | Period of Interest (days) | Days RSV = 0 | RSV (min, max, mean) | Level of Interest in the Highest RSV Day | Level of Interest of the Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 16 June 2005 | EQ | 4 km NE of Yucaipa, CA | 4.9 | 1 | 0 | 34,34,34 | M | M |
I | 2 September 2005 | EQ | 13 km WNW of Calipatria, CA | 5.1 | 2 | 0 | 34,62,48 | H | M |
I | 15 August 2007 | EQ | 41 km SW of San Vicente de Cañete, Peru | 8.0 | 1 | 0 | 18,18,18 | L | L |
I | 31 October 2007 | EQ | 6 km NNE of East Foothills, CA | 5.5 | 2 | 0 | 6,20,13 | L | L |
II | 27 February 2010 | EQ | 36 km WNW of Quirihue, Chile | 8.8 | 3 | 0 | 7,16,10 | L | L |
II | 4 April 2010 5–7 April | EQ | 12 km SW of Delta, B.C., MX; Eqs close to Ocotillo | 7.2 5.0 (max) | 2 | 0 | 18,19,18 | L | L |
II | 11 March 2011 | EQ | 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan | 9.1 | 17 | 6 | 0,39,21 | M | L |
II | 20,21 October 2011 | EQ | 2 km,1 km SE of Berkeley, California | 4.0 3.8 | 6 | 0 | 10,11,13 | L | L |
II | 24 May 2013 | EQ | 2 km NNE of Canyondam, CA | 5.7 | 2 | 0 | 10,12,11 | L | L |
II | 15 January 2014 | EQ | 5 km NNE of Fontana, CA | 4.4 | 4 | 0 | 6,15,10 | L | L |
II | 29 March 2014 | EQ | 2 km NW of Brea, CA | 5.1 | 5 | 0 | 12,22,17 | L | L |
II | 24 August 2014 | EQ | South Napa, CA | 6.0 | 8 | 1 | 0,32,18 | M | L |
III | 21 July 2015 25 July, 2015 | EQ | 3 km of Freemont, CA 1 km of Fonfata, CA | 4.0 3.8 | 4 | 0 | 8,15,10 | L | L |
III | 16 April 2016 | EQ | 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador | 7.8 | 6 | 1 | 0,16,9 | L | L |
III | 25–31 August 2017 | HUR | Hurricane Harvey (TX-LA) | 4 | 8 | 0 | 10,29,21 | M | L-M |
III | 8 September 2017 | EQ | near the coast of Chiapas, Mexico | 8.2 | 8 | 0 | 8,55,26 | H | M |
III | 19 September 2017 | EQ | 1 km S of Matzaco, Mexico | 7.1 | 7 | 0 | 11,72,39 | H | M |
III | 13 November 2017 | EQ | 18 km SSE of Tres Pinos, CA | 4.6 | 3 | 0 | 6,11,11 | L | L |
III | 4 Jan 2018 | EQ | 2 km SE of Berkley, CA | 4.4 | 2 | 0 | 12,24,18 | L | L |
III | 5 April 2018 | EQ | 29 km SW of S. Cruz Is, CA | 5.3 | 3 | 0 | 7,16,12 | L | L |
III | 8 May 2018 | EQ | 11 km N of Cabazon, CA | 4.5 | 2 | 0 | 20,20,20 | L | L |
III | 29 August 2018 | EQ | 4 km N of La Verne, CA | 4.4 | 2 | 0 | 12,12,12 | L | L |
III | 4 July 2019 6 July 2019 | EQ | Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence, CA | 6.4 7.1 | 8 | 0 | 20,100,43 | VH | M |
III | 15 October 2019 | EQ | Tres Pinos, CA Pleasant Hill, CA | 4.7 4.5 | 4 | 0 | 9,24,14 | L | L |
III | 4 April 2020 | EQ | 17 km ESE of Anza, CA | 4.9 | 2 | 0 | 5,11,8 | L | L |
III | 22 April 2020 | EQ | 1 km S of View park-Wind. Hills, CA | 3.7 | 2 | 0 | 14,14,14 | L | L |
III | 24 June 2020 | EQ | 18 km SSE of Lone Pine, CA | 5.8 | 3 | 0 | 17,17,17 | L | L |
III | 30 July 2020 | EQ | 1 km SE of Sylmar, CA | 4.2 | 2 | 0 | 11,21,16 | L | L |
III | 3 August 2020 | EQ | 3 km SW of Yorba Linda, CA | 3.5 | 4 | 0 | 5,15,10 | L | L |
III | 19 September 2020 | EQ | 3 km WSW of South El Monte, CA | 4.5 | 7 | 0 | 4,13,7 | L | L |
III | 5 April 2021 | EQ | 2 km E of Lennox, CA | 4.0 | 5 | 0 | 5,15,8 | L | L |
III | 8 July 2021 | EQ | Antelope Valley, CA | 6.0 | 2 | 0 | 6,23,14 | L | L |
III | 18 September 2021 | EQ | 2 km E of Carson, CA | 4.3 | 4 | 0 | 4,24,11 | L | L |
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Gizzi, F.T.; Potenza, M.R. Earthquake Insurance in California, USA: What Does Community-Generated Big Data Reveal to Us? Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2022, 6, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6020060
Gizzi FT, Potenza MR. Earthquake Insurance in California, USA: What Does Community-Generated Big Data Reveal to Us? Big Data and Cognitive Computing. 2022; 6(2):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6020060
Chicago/Turabian StyleGizzi, Fabrizio Terenzio, and Maria Rosaria Potenza. 2022. "Earthquake Insurance in California, USA: What Does Community-Generated Big Data Reveal to Us?" Big Data and Cognitive Computing 6, no. 2: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6020060