The Yield of Active Tuberculosis Disease and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Tuberculosis Household Contacts Investigated Using Chest X-ray in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Participants
2.4. Study Procedures and Data Collection
2.5. Variables
3. Results
3.1. Active TB Cases Cascade among Household Contacts
3.2. Latent TB Infection Cascade among Household Contact
3.3. Factors Associated with Active TB Disease among Household Contacts
3.4. Factors Associated with Latent TB Infection among Household Contacts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Symptom and CXR Screening + Bacteriological Testing N (%) | Symptom Screening Only + Bacteriological Testing N (%) |
---|---|---|
HHC symptoms screened | 2857 (100%) | 2857 (100%) |
HHC CXR screened | 2368 (82.9%) | - |
HHC presumptive TB | 455 (15.9%) | 216 (7.6%) |
HHC diagnosed TB | 68 (2.4%) | 5 (0.2%) |
HHC bacteriologically confirmed | 13 (0.5%) | 5 (0.2%) |
Variable | Total N = 2857 (%) |
---|---|
Household contacts eligible for LTBI screening | 2621 (92.0%) |
Household contacts tested for LTBI | 2371 (90.5%) |
Tested with IGRA | 359 (15.1%) |
Tested with TST | 2012 (84.9%) |
Household contacts positive for LTBI | 1083 (45.7%) |
Positive IGRA result | 124 (5.2%) |
Positive TST result | 959 (40.4%) |
Summary Statistics | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No TB Disease N = 2789 | Active TB Disease N = 68 1 | Total N = 2857 | p-Value | OR 2 | 95% CI 2 | p-Value | aOR 2 | 95% CI 2 | p-Value |
Age (years) | 37.6 (20.4) | 44.1 (20.5) | 37.7 (20.4) | 1.02 | (1.00, 1.03) | 0.0093 | 1.02 | [1.00, 1.03] | 0.0015 | |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 1224 (43.9%) | 35 (51.5%) | 1259 (44.1%) | 0.21 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Female | 1565 (56.1%) | 33 (48.5%) | 1598 (55.9%) | 0.74 | (0.46, 1.19) | 0.2149 | 1.07 | [0.53, 2.12] | 0.8572 | |
Nutritional status | ||||||||||
Normal weight | 856 (35.8%) | 25 (37.9%) | 881 (35.8%) | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Underweight | 526 (22.0%) | 28 (42.4%) | 554 (22.5%) | 1.82 | (1.05, 3.16) | 0.0325 | 2.52 | [1.42, 4.47] | 0.0016 | |
Overweight | 1012 (42.3%) | 13 (19.7%) | 1025 (41.7%) | 0.44 | (0.22, 0.87) | 0.0173 | 0.37 | [0.18, 0.73] | 0.0046 | |
Smoker | ||||||||||
No | 2140 (76.7%) | 43 (63.2%) | 2183 (76.4%) | 0.010 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 649 (23.3%) | 25 (36.8%) | 674 (23.6%) | 1.92 | (1.16, 3.16) | 0.0108 | 1.81 | [0.88, 3.74] | 0.1076 | |
Diabetes mellitus status | ||||||||||
No or Unknown | 2674 (95.9%) | 61 (89.7%) | 2735 (95.7%) | 0.013 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 115 (4.1%) | 7 (10.3%) | 122 (4.3%) | 2.67 | (1.19, 5.96) | 0.0167 | 2.60 | [1.08, 6.24] | 0.0324 | |
District type | ||||||||||
Rural district | 1011 (36.2%) | 20 (29.4%) | 1031 (36.1%) | 0.25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Urban district | 1778 (63.8%) | 48 (70.6%) | 1826 (63.9%) | 1.36 | (0.81, 2.31) | 0.2478 | 1.86 | [1.07, 3.22] | 0.0274 | |
Type of contact | ||||||||||
Did not sleep in the same house | 384 (13.8%) | 2 (2.9%) | 386 (13.5%) | 0.010 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Slept in same house | 2405 (86.2%) | 66 (97.1%) | 2471(86.5%) | 5.27 | (1.29, 21.60) | 0.0210 | 5.29 | [1.28, 21.89] | 0.0217 | |
Time since last TB contact | ||||||||||
<1year | 2385 (85.5%) | 58 (85.3%) | 2443 (85.5%) | 0.21 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥1 year | 404 (14.5%) | 10 (14.7%) | 414 (14.5%) | 0.87 | (0.52, 2.01) | 0.9593 | 0.87 | [0.43, 1.75] | 0.6978 |
Summary Statistics | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No TB Infection N = 1288 1 | TB Infection N = 1083 1 | Total N = 2371 | p-Value | OR 2 | 95% CI 2 | p-Value | aOR 2 | 95% CI 2 | p-Value |
Age (years) | 36.20 (20.86) | 40.62 (19.42) | 38.22 (20.33) | <0.001 | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.03) | 0.0000 | 1.01 | [1.01, 1.02] | 0.0000 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 517 (40.1%) | 497 (45.9%) | 1014 (42.8%) | 0.005 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Female | 771 (59.9%) | 586 (54.1%) | 1357 (57.2%) | 0.79 | (0.67, 0.93) | 0.0048 | 0.07 | [0.61, 0.97] | 0.0248 | |
Nutritional status | ||||||||||
Normal weight | 405 (35.4%) | 337 (36.1%) | 742 (35.7%) | 0.012 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Underweight | 266 (23.2%) | 169 (18.1%) | 435 (20.9%) | 0.76 | (0.60, 0.97) | 0.0282 | 0.89 | [0.69, 1.15] | 0.3729 | |
Overweight | 474 (41.4%) | 428 (45.8%) | 902 (43.4%) | 1.09 | (0.89, 1.32) | 0.4111 | 1.06 | [0.87, 1.29] | 0.5679 | |
Smoker | ||||||||||
No | 1018 (79.0%) | 801 (74.2%) | 1819 (76.7%) | 0.004 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 270 (21.0%) | 282 (26.0%) | 552 (23.3%) | 1.33 | (1.10, 1.61) | 0.036 | 1.06 | [0.81, 1.37] | 0.6887 | |
Diabetic status | ||||||||||
No or Unknown | 1239(96.2%) | 1038 (95.8%) | 2277 (96.0%) | 0.66 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 49 (3.8%) | 45 (4.2%) | 94 (4.0%) | 1.10 | (0.73, 1.66) | 0.6629 | 0.80 | [0.51, 1.24] | 0.3043 | |
District type | ||||||||||
Rural district | 501 (38.9%) | 355 (32.8%) | 856 (36.1%) | 0.002 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Urban district | 787 (61.1%) | 728 (67.2%) | 1515 (63.9%) | 1.31 | (1.10, 1.55) | 0.0020 | 1.18 | [0.99, 1.42] | 0.0318 | |
Type of contact | ||||||||||
Did not sleep in the same house | 178 (13.8%) | 140 (12.9%) | 318 (13.4%) | 0.53 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Slept in same house | 1110(86.2%) | 943 (87.1%) | 2053 (86.4%) | 1.08 | (0.85, 1.37) | 0.5252 | 1.08 | [0.84, 1.40] | 0.5421 | |
Time since last TB contact | ||||||||||
<1 year | 1102 (85.6%) | 946 (87.3%) | 2048 (86.4%) | 0.21 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
≥1 year | 186 (14.4%) | 137 (12.7%) | 323 (13.6%) | 0.86 | (0.68, 1.09) | 0.2057 | 0.84 | [0.66, 1.08] | 0.1817 |
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Nababan, B.; Triasih, R.; Chan, G.; Dwihardiani, B.; Hidayat, A.; Dewi, S.C.; Unwanah, L.; Mustofa, A.; du Cros, P. The Yield of Active Tuberculosis Disease and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Tuberculosis Household Contacts Investigated Using Chest X-ray in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020034
Nababan B, Triasih R, Chan G, Dwihardiani B, Hidayat A, Dewi SC, Unwanah L, Mustofa A, du Cros P. The Yield of Active Tuberculosis Disease and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Tuberculosis Household Contacts Investigated Using Chest X-ray in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(2):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020034
Chicago/Turabian StyleNababan, Betty, Rina Triasih, Geoffrey Chan, Bintari Dwihardiani, Arif Hidayat, Setyogati C. Dewi, Lana Unwanah, Arif Mustofa, and Philipp du Cros. 2024. "The Yield of Active Tuberculosis Disease and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Tuberculosis Household Contacts Investigated Using Chest X-ray in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 2: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020034