Fighting Dog-Mediated Rabies in Namibia—Implementation of a Rabies Elimination Program in the Northern Communal Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Development and Implementation of a Rabies Control Strategy
2.2. Program Areas and Implementation
2.3. Program Management
2.4. Awareness and Educational Campaigns
2.5. Training
2.6. Mass Dog Vaccination Campaigns
2.7. Rabies Surveillance and Diagnosis
3. Results
3.1. Pilot Project Phase
3.2. Rollout Phase
3.3. Rabies Surveillance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Human Census 2011 | Area (km2) | Population Density (Persons/km2) | Estimated Pet Population 2016 # | Human:Pet Ratio # | Estimated Human:Dog Ratio | Dogs Vaccinated 2017 | Cats Vaccinated2017 | Vaccination Coverage ∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kavango | 222,500 | 48,742 | 4.56 | 29,600 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 10,175 | 1310 | 39% |
Kunene | 54,300 | 115,260 | 0.47 | 7100 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 4520 | 264 | 67% |
Ohangwena | 245,100 | 10,706 | 22.89 | 27,800 | 8.8 | 9.8 | 17,349 | 1724 | 69% |
Omusati | 242,900 | 26,551 | 9.15 | 34,700 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 33,549 | 2416 | 104% |
Oshana | 174,900 | 8647 | 20.23 | 27,900 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 12,429 | 798 | 47% |
Oshikoto | 161,900 | 38,685 | 4.19 | 23,100 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 14,902 | 3468 | 80% |
Zambezi | 90,100 | 14,785 | 6.09 | 8600 | 10.5 | 11.6 | 6890 | 558 | 87% |
total | 1,191,700 | 263,376 | 4.52 | 158,800 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 99,814 | 10,538 | 69% |
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Athingo, R.; Tenzin, T.; Shilongo, A.; Hikufe, E.; Shoombe, K.K.; Khaiseb, S.; van der Westhuizen, J.; Letshwenyo, M.; Torres, G.; Mettenleiter, T.C.; et al. Fighting Dog-Mediated Rabies in Namibia—Implementation of a Rabies Elimination Program in the Northern Communal Areas. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 5, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010012
Athingo R, Tenzin T, Shilongo A, Hikufe E, Shoombe KK, Khaiseb S, van der Westhuizen J, Letshwenyo M, Torres G, Mettenleiter TC, et al. Fighting Dog-Mediated Rabies in Namibia—Implementation of a Rabies Elimination Program in the Northern Communal Areas. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 5(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthingo, Rauna, Tenzin Tenzin, Albertina Shilongo, Emmanuel Hikufe, Kenneth K. Shoombe, Siegfried Khaiseb, Jolandie van der Westhuizen, Moetapele Letshwenyo, Gregorio Torres, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, and et al. 2020. "Fighting Dog-Mediated Rabies in Namibia—Implementation of a Rabies Elimination Program in the Northern Communal Areas" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010012