Rabies in the Caribbean: A Situational Analysis and Historic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Rabies Status and Main Animal Reservoir
3.2. Risk of Rabies Introduction
3.3. Rabies Case Burden
3.3.1. Animal Rabies
3.3.2. Human Rabies
3.4. Rabies Case Definitions, Protocols, and Legislation
3.5. Rabies Virus Exposure Incidents
3.6. National Agencies with Responsibility for Rabies Surveillance
3.7. Rabies Surveillance Programs in Animal Populations
3.7.1. General
3.7.2. Wildlife
3.7.3. Domestic Animals
3.8. Animal Rabies Vaccination
3.9. Human Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
3.10. Animal Reservoir Population Control Programs
3.11. Rabies Laboratory Diagnostics
3.12. National Import Health Regulations Related to Rabies
4. Discussion
4.1. Rabies Status and Reservoir Hosts
4.2. Risk of Introduction
4.3. Surveillance and Reporting of Animal Rabies
4.4. Surveillance and Reporting of Human Rabies
4.5. Human Exposures and Public Health Risk
4.6. Rabies Diagnostic Capacity
4.7. Prevention and Control Measures
4.7.1. Animal Vaccination
4.7.2. Human Pre-Exposure and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
4.7.3. Reservoir Host Population Control Programs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Main Animal Reservoir | Mean # Cases per Year | Main Animals Affected |
---|---|---|---|
Belize | Vampire bat | 1–5 | Cattle |
Cuba | Mongoose | 16–20 | Dogs, cats, mongoose |
Dominican Republic | Dog | >20 | n.r. |
French Guiana | Vampire bat | 0–1 | Cattle, dogs, bats |
Grenada | Mongoose | 1–5 | Mongoose, cattle, small ruminants, dogs, cats |
Guyana | Vampire bat | 1–5 | Cattle |
Haiti | Dog | >20 | Dogs, cats |
Puerto Rico | Mongoose | >20 | Mongoose |
Suriname | Vampire bat | 0 a | Bats a,b |
Trinidad | Vampire bat | 6–10 | Cattle, small ruminants |
Location | Years since Last Reported Case * | Mean # Human Cases per Year * | Causative Variant of Last Human Case | Pre-Exposure Vaccination | Biologics Available for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belize | >20 | 0 | Canine | Yes | vaccine |
Cuba | 1–5 | 0–1 | Mongoose | Yes | vaccine and RIG |
Dominican Republic | <1 | 0–1 | Canine | Yes | vaccine |
French Guiana | 6–10 | 0–1 | Bat | Yes | vaccine and RIG |
Grenada | >20 | 0 | Mongoose | Yes | vaccine and RIG |
Guyana | n.c.r. | 0 | n.c.r. | Yes | vaccine |
Haiti | <1 | 6–10 # | Canine | Yes | vaccine and RIG |
Puerto Rico | 1–5 | 0–1 | Mongoose | Yes | vaccine and RIG |
Suriname | 11–20 | 0–1 | Bat | Yes | vaccine |
Trinidad | >20 | 0 | Bat | Yes | vaccine |
Location | Vaccination Requirement | Main Animals Vaccinated | Periodicity | Estimated Population Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belize | recommended ## | Dogs and cats | annually | 80% dogs |
Cuba | recommended ## | Dogs | annually | >90% dogs ¶ |
Dominican Republic | recommended | Dogs and cats | n.r. | 80% dogs and cats |
French Guiana | mandatory by legislation | Ruminants, dogs and cats, equine | biennially | No data available |
Grenada | recommended ## | Ruminants, dogs and cats, equine | annually | 40% dogs ***; 4% cats; 31% goats; 22% sheep; 4% cattle |
Guyana | recommended | Bovine | annually | 10% bovine |
Haiti | recommended ## | Dogs | annually | 40—50% dogs |
Puerto Rico | recommended | Dogs and cats, ruminants, equine | annually | No data available |
Suriname | Not conducted | - | - | - |
Trinidad | mandatory by legislation ## | Ruminants, equine | triennial | 70% bovine; <40% goat and sheep; <40% equine |
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Seetahal, J.F.R.; Vokaty, A.; Vigilato, M.A.N.; Carrington, C.V.F.; Pradel, J.; Louison, B.; Sauers, A.V.; Roopnarine, R.; Arrebato, J.C.G.; Millien, M.F.; et al. Rabies in the Caribbean: A Situational Analysis and Historic Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2018, 3, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030089
Seetahal JFR, Vokaty A, Vigilato MAN, Carrington CVF, Pradel J, Louison B, Sauers AV, Roopnarine R, Arrebato JCG, Millien MF, et al. Rabies in the Caribbean: A Situational Analysis and Historic Review. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2018; 3(3):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030089
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeetahal, Janine F. R., Alexandra Vokaty, Marco A. N. Vigilato, Christine V. F. Carrington, Jennifer Pradel, Bowen Louison, Astrid Van Sauers, Rohini Roopnarine, Jusayma C. González Arrebato, Max F. Millien, and et al. 2018. "Rabies in the Caribbean: A Situational Analysis and Historic Review" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030089