Validating the Construct of Environmental Attitude in Urban Nepal Using the Two-Dimensional Model of Ecological Values
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
- (a)
- Development of the scale: The scale was formulated by utilising previously used and validated 2-MEV Scale items to represent the study site and the population.
- (b)
- Administration of the scale: Participants completed the survey, keeping in mind that the validation of the scale requires at least 400 survey participants.
- (c)
- Testing the structure: Survey data were randomly divided in half; the first half was used for the exploratory factor analysis, and the second half was used for the confirmatory factor analysis.
- (d)
- Confirmation of the structure: The results of both factor analyses confirmed the final construct of environmental values and attitudes, along with valid items to use in the scale.
- (e)
- Analyses of the data: Considering only the valid items, the descriptive statistics and the analysis of variance were performed to analyse the data.
- (f)
- Interpretation of the results: The interpretation was performed based on the correlation of environmental attitudes, including the descriptive statistics and the analysis of variance of attitude scores.
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. 2-MEV Scale for Urban Nepal
2.3. Translation and Procedure
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA)
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
3.3. Values and Attitudes Scores
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- In rural Nepal, there is a strong negative correlation between Preservation and Utilisation values, but this was not observed in urban Nepal. Instead, urban Nepal’s correlation resembles that of industrialised countries.
- The study identified three attitudes under Preservation (Intent to Support, Protection of Nature, and Enjoyment of Nature) and two under Utilisation (Polluting Nature and Altering Nature). These attitudes were consistent across both rural and urban Nepal.
- Overall, the respondents showed pro-environmental values and attitudes, but urban adolescents generally showed higher pro-environmental values compared to rural adolescents, except in the Intent to Support attitude, where rural adolescents scored higher, and the Altering Nature attitude was the same for both urban and rural adolescents.
- Females exhibited higher preservative values and attitudes, while males showed more pro-environmental traits only in the Altering Nature attitude. There were no significant gender differences in the Utilisation and Polluting Nature attitudes.
- The study suggests that items focusing on individual concerns might provide a better understanding of attitudes, as there was more variation in community-related items in both rural and urban scenarios.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item Number | Item |
---|---|
1 | If someday I have free time, I would like to volunteer to help protect the environment. |
2 | I would like to participate in an afforestation campaign. |
3 | I would like to participate in a cleaning campaign. |
4 | I would like to volunteer with an organisation that is working to protect the environment in my community. |
5 | I try to tell others that nature is important. |
6 | I support conservation of forest for wildlife protection. |
7 | If necessary, land near my community should be separated to support endangered plants and animals. |
8 | I always turn off the light when I do not need it anymore. |
9 | I enjoy sitting under a tree to enjoy its shade. |
10 | I prefer the environment of a village compared to that of a city. |
11 | Walking through the forests and/or in the mountains brings me joy. |
12 | I enjoy hearing the soft rustling of leaves when the wind blows through the trees. |
13 | I enjoy the natural sound of the flowing river. |
14 | I like the quiet of the nature. |
15 | I personally take care of plants and enjoy gardening. |
16 | I enjoy looking at stars at night. |
17 | Waste should be thrown away in the river or streams. |
18 | Waste consisting of plastic materials should be burned. |
19 | People have the right to change the environment (nature), e.g., clearing forest, plotting land, or draining stream. |
20 | People should be allowed to change the environment for their benefit without considering its effect on the environment. |
21 | Building new roads is so important that trees should be cut down. |
22 | People are supposed to rule over nature. |
23 | Weeds should be killed because they take up space from plants we need. |
24 | Since human beings are more intelligent, they have the greatest right to live. |
25 | To feed people, forests must be cleared for agriculture to grow food. |
Item Numbers | Intended Factor for Each Item | Constrained to Factors | Factor Loadings of Constrained 2 Factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P, A, U | 4 | 3 | 2 | P | U | |
1 | P | P, -C | P, I | P | 0.686 | |
2 | P | P, I, -C | I | P | 0.71 | |
3 | P | I | P | P | 0.447 | |
4 | P | I | P | P | 0.431 | |
5 | P | P, -C | I | P | 0.592 | |
6 | P | -C | P | P | 0.375 | |
7 | P | -C | P | none | ||
8 | P | -C | none | P | 0.441 | |
9 | A | P, -C | P | P | 0.487 | |
10 | A | none | none | P | 0.409 | |
11 | A | P, -C | P | P | 0.645 | |
12 | A | none | none | none | ||
13 | A | P | I | P | 0.468 | |
14 | A | -C | P | P | 0.427 | |
15 | A | P, I, -C | P, I | P | 0.755 | |
16 | A | P | I | P | 0.474 | |
17 | U | none | none | none | ||
18 | U | U | U | U | 0.366 | |
19 | U | U | U | U | 0.674 | |
20 | U | U | U | U | 0.616 | |
21 | U | none | none | none | ||
22 | U | U | U | U | 0.376 | |
23 | U | none | none | none | ||
24 | U | U | U | U | 0.393 | |
25 | U | none | none | none | ||
Variance Explained | 41.9% | 35.8% | 28.9% |
Values and Attitudes | Age | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |||||||
N | Mean | N | Mean | N | Mean | N | Mean | N | Mean | N | Mean | |
Preservation | 4 | 4.77 | 37 | 4.60 | 140 | 4.58 | 145 | 4.59 | 88 | 4.61 | 10 | 4.65 |
Intent of Support | 5 | 4.60 | 41 | 4.71 | 157 | 4.58 | 168 | 4.49 | 102 | 4.51 | 11 | 4.82 |
Protection | 5 | 4.53 | 44 | 4.60 | 149 | 4.57 | 162 | 4.49 | 96 | 4.54 | 13 | 4.49 |
Enjoyment | 5 | 4.89 | 51 | 4.52 | 168 | 4.59 | 181 | 4.66 | 111 | 4.61 | 12 | 4.37 |
Utilisation | 6 | 2.00 | 47 | 2.03 | 157 | 1.73 | 175 | 2.01 | 101 | 1.74 | 11 | 2.00 |
Polluting Nature | 6 | 1.33 | 49 | 1.50 | 170 | 1.30 | 188 | 1.57 | 108 | 1.38 | 12 | 1.38 |
Altering Nature | 6 | 2.67 | 49 | 2.60 | 158 | 2.14 | 177 | 2.42 | 105 | 2.12 | 12 | 2.46 |
Values and Attitudes | Mean Scores | Std. Deviation | F | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | Female | Male | |||
Preservation * | 4.72 | 4.48 | 0.332 | 0.483 | 33.30 | <0.001 |
Intent of Support * | 4.73 | 4.39 | 0.423 | 0.741 | 37.32 | <0.001 |
Protection of Nature * | 4.70 | 4.40 | 0.559 | 0.767 | 22.24 | <0.001 |
Enjoyment of Nature * | 4.69 | 4.54 | 0.458 | 0.62 | 9.71 | 0.002 |
Utilisation | 1.92 | 1.82 | 0.871 | 0.869 | 1.46 | 0.227 |
Polluting Nature | 1.40 | 1.46 | 0.833 | 0.832 | 0.66 | 0.417 |
Altering Nature * | 2.43 | 2.17 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 4.95 | 0.027 |
Values and Attitudes | Mean Scores | Std. Deviation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |
Preservation | 4.59 | 4.36 | 0.43 | 0.45 |
Intent of Support | 4.55 | 4.74 | 0.63 | 0.45 |
Protection of Nature | 4.54 | 3.79 | 0.70 | 0.80 |
Enjoyment of Nature | 4.61 | 4.55 | 0.55 | 0.61 |
Utilisation | 1.87 | 2.42 | 0.87 | 0.78 |
Polluting Nature | 1.44 | 2.57 | 0.83 | 1.06 |
Altering Nature | 2.29 | 2.29 | 1.28 | 0.90 |
Parameters | Urban Nepal (This Study) | Rural Nepal [18] | Studies from Industrialised Regions |
---|---|---|---|
Values | Preservation and Utilisation | Same as urban Nepal | Same as urban Nepal; in some cases, Appreciation as a separate value [34] |
Relationship of Values | Low negative correlation (−0.24) | High negative correlation (−0.93) | Close to urban Nepal, with low negative correlations (−0.1 to −0.45) [16,24] |
Attitudes | Same in urban and rural Nepal studies | Same as urban Nepal | Different from urban and rural Nepal [24,25,29] |
Attitudes vs. Gender | Mostly females show high preservative values and attitudes | No difference between genders | Similar to urban Nepal [9] |
Attitudes vs. Age | No significant difference except Utilisation value | No observable tendency | Out of scope |
Urban–Rural Relationship | Major difference in construct of attitudes | Out of scope | No difference found [22] |
Orientation of Items | Difference between individualistic and communal items | Same as urban | Out of scope |
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Regmi, S.; Johnson, B. Validating the Construct of Environmental Attitude in Urban Nepal Using the Two-Dimensional Model of Ecological Values. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040231
Regmi S, Johnson B. Validating the Construct of Environmental Attitude in Urban Nepal Using the Two-Dimensional Model of Ecological Values. Urban Science. 2024; 8(4):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040231
Chicago/Turabian StyleRegmi, Shakil, and Bruce Johnson. 2024. "Validating the Construct of Environmental Attitude in Urban Nepal Using the Two-Dimensional Model of Ecological Values" Urban Science 8, no. 4: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040231
APA StyleRegmi, S., & Johnson, B. (2024). Validating the Construct of Environmental Attitude in Urban Nepal Using the Two-Dimensional Model of Ecological Values. Urban Science, 8(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040231