Clustering Analysis on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators for Forty-Five Asian Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Identify the economic, social, environmental, and institutional strengths and difficulties in achieving sustainable development.
- Create country clusters that exhibit similar circumstances and trends for achieving sustainable development.
2. Literature Review
3. Research Data Used
- Indicators that were not comparable across Asia have not been included in this study. For example, SDG 14 or ‘Life Below Water’ has not been considered, as not all Asian countries have territorial waters (Table 1).
- The latest data on SDG indicators from Sachs et al. [3] were primarily used. However, if certain data for 2022 were not available, we considered data from the most recent year of the prior SDG report. In addition, countries with significant missing data (i.e., North Korea and Timor-Leste) and those that do not appear in the database (i.e., countries that are not UN members such as Palestine) are not included in this analysis. Figure 1 shows the whole geographical area considered in this research.
- The raw data are standardized using z-score forward standardization to make SDG indicators comparable across countries and handle any extreme values (e.g., United Arab Emirates score 8.7 for SDG 13). The standardized data are typically distributed with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1. A higher value for each indicator indicates a higher level of sustainable development.The z-score is defined as follows.
4. Qualitative and Quantitative Experimental Design
5. Ward’s Method
6. Results
6.1. Dimension-Based Sustainability
6.1.1. Economic Sustainability
6.1.2. Social Sustainability
6.1.3. Environmental Sustainability
6.1.4. Institutional Sustainability
6.2. Goal-Based Results
6.2.1. Economic Goals
6.2.2. Social Goals
6.2.3. Environmental Goals
6.2.4. Institutional Goals
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Correlation Matrix of the 16 SDGs Considered in This Study | |||||||||||||||||
Economic | Environment | Institutional | Social | ||||||||||||||
SDG8 | SDG9 | SDG10 | SDG12 | SDG6 | SDG13 | SDG15 | SDG16 | SDG17 | SDG1 | SDG2 | SDG3 | SDG4 | SDG5 | SDG7 | SDG11 | ||
SDG8 | r | 1 | 0.538 ** | −0.111 | −0.391 ** | 0.417 ** | −0.303 * | 0.008 | 0.491 ** | 0.068 | 0.181 | 0.467 ** | 0.590 ** | 0.667 ** | 0.612 ** | 0.304 * | 0.442 ** |
p-val. | 0 | 0.469 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.043 | 0.961 | 0.001 | 0.655 | 0.235 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.042 | 0.002 | ||
SDG9 | r | 0.538 ** | 1 | −0.143 | −0.743 ** | 0.318 * | −0.560 ** | −0.134 | 0.623 ** | 0.114 | 0.445 ** | 0.570 ** | 0.817 ** | 0.600 ** | 0.407 ** | 0.219 | 0.365 * |
p-val. | 0 | 0.35 | 0 | 0.034 | 0 | 0.382 | 0 | 0.454 | 0.002 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006 | 0.148 | 0.014 | ||
SDG10 | r | −0.111 | −0.143 | 1 | −0.145 | −0.009 | −0.179 | 0.323 * | 0.146 | 0.033 | 0.149 | −0.12 | 0.017 | −0.072 | −0.011 | −0.086 | −0.137 |
p-val. | 0.469 | 0.35 | 0.341 | 0.952 | 0.239 | 0.03 | 0.337 | 0.83 | 0.328 | 0.432 | 0.912 | 0.637 | 0.944 | 0.573 | 0.371 | ||
SDG12 | r | −0.391 ** | −0.743 ** | −0.145 | 1 | −0.17 | 0.787 ** | 0.07 | −0.604 ** | −0.089 | −0.480 ** | −0.293 | −0.730 ** | −0.500 ** | −0.324 * | −0.045 | −0.194 |
p-val. | 0.008 | 0 | 0.341 | 0.263 | 0 | 0.646 | 0 | 0.561 | 0.001 | 0.051 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.769 | 0.202 | ||
SDG6 | r | 0.417 ** | 0.318 * | −0.009 | −0.17 | 1 | 0.133 | −0.064 | 0.364 * | 0.261 | 0.193 | 0.27 | 0.375 * | 0.384 ** | 0.535 ** | 0.412 ** | 0.428 ** |
p-val. | 0.004 | 0.034 | 0.952 | 0.263 | 0.382 | 0.678 | 0.014 | 0.083 | 0.204 | 0.073 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.003 | ||
SDG13 | r | −0.303 * | −0.560 ** | −0.179 | 0.787 ** | 0.133 | 1 | −0.072 | −0.426 ** | −0.001 | −0.236 | −0.253 | −0.555 ** | −0.408 ** | −0.259 | 0.087 | −0.043 |
p-val. | 0.043 | 0 | 0.239 | 0 | 0.382 | 0.639 | 0.004 | 0.993 | 0.118 | 0.093 | 0 | 0.005 | 0.085 | 0.57 | 0.781 | ||
SDG15 | r | 0.008 | −0.134 | 0.323 * | 0.07 | −0.064 | −0.072 | 1 | 0.125 | 0.253 | −0.011 | −0.132 | 0.009 | 0.141 | 0.067 | 0.013 | −0.021 |
p-val. | 0.961 | 0.382 | 0.03 | 0.646 | 0.678 | 0.639 | 0.413 | 0.094 | 0.941 | 0.387 | 0.955 | 0.355 | 0.664 | 0.933 | 0.893 | ||
SDG16 | r | 0.491 ** | 0.623 ** | 0.146 | −0.604 ** | 0.364 * | −0.426 ** | 0.125 | 1 | 0.233 | 0.501 ** | 0.507 ** | 0.750 ** | 0.530 ** | 0.444 ** | 0.521 ** | 0.481 ** |
p-val. | 0.001 | 0 | 0.337 | 0 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.413 | 0.124 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.001 | ||
SDG17 | r | 0.068 | 0.114 | 0.033 | −0.089 | 0.261 | −0.001 | 0.253 | 0.233 | 1 | 0.029 | −0.049 | 0.152 | 0.059 | −0.032 | 0.155 | 0.313 * |
p-val. | 0.655 | 0.454 | 0.83 | 0.561 | 0.083 | 0.993 | 0.094 | 0.124 | 0.851 | 0.748 | 0.32 | 0.701 | 0.835 | 0.308 | 0.036 | ||
SDG1 | r | 0.181 | 0.445 ** | 0.149 | −0.480 ** | 0.193 | −0.236 | −0.011 | 0.501 ** | 0.029 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.580 ** | 0.297 * | 0.109 | 0.093 | 0.239 |
p-val. | 0.235 | 0.002 | 0.328 | 0.001 | 0.204 | 0.118 | 0.941 | 0 | 0.851 | 0.349 | 0 | 0.047 | 0.478 | 0.544 | 0.114 | ||
SDG2 | r | 0.467 ** | 0.570 ** | −0.12 | −0.293 | 0.27 | −0.253 | −0.132 | 0.507 ** | −0.049 | 0.143 | 1 | 0.487 ** | 0.502 ** | 0.592 ** | 0.288 | 0.303 * |
p-val. | 0.001 | 0 | 0.432 | 0.051 | 0.073 | 0.093 | 0.387 | 0 | 0.748 | 0.349 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 0.055 | 0.043 | ||
SDG3 | r | 0.590 ** | 0.817 ** | 0.017 | −0.730 ** | 0.375 * | −0.555 ** | 0.009 | 0.750 ** | 0.152 | 0.580 ** | 0.487 ** | 1 | 0.705 ** | 0.461 ** | 0.431 ** | 0.546 ** |
p-val. | 0 | 0 | 0.912 | 0 | 0.011 | 0 | 0.955 | 0 | 0.32 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0 | ||
SDG4 | r | 0.667 ** | 0.600 ** | −0.072 | −0.500 ** | 0.384 ** | −0.408 ** | 0.141 | 0.530 ** | 0.059 | 0.297 * | 0.502 ** | 0.705 ** | 1 | 0.655 ** | 0.239 | 0.474 ** |
p-val. | 0 | 0 | 0.637 | 0 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.355 | 0 | 0.701 | 0.047 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.114 | 0.001 | ||
SDG5 | r | 0.612 ** | 0.407 ** | −0.011 | −0.324 * | 0.535 ** | −0.259 | 0.067 | 0.444 ** | −0.032 | 0.109 | 0.592 ** | 0.461 ** | 0.655 ** | 1 | 0.279 | 0.515 ** |
p-val. | 0 | 0.006 | 0.944 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.085 | 0.664 | 0.002 | 0.835 | 0.478 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0.064 | 0 | ||
SDG7 | r | 0.304 * | 0.219 | −0.086 | −0.045 | 0.412 ** | 0.087 | 0.013 | 0.521 ** | 0.155 | 0.093 | 0.288 | 0.431 ** | 0.239 | 0.279 | 1 | 0.555 ** |
p-val. | 0.042 | 0.148 | 0.573 | 0.769 | 0.005 | 0.57 | 0.933 | 0 | 0.308 | 0.544 | 0.055 | 0.003 | 0.114 | 0.064 | 0 | ||
SDG11 | r | 0.442 ** | 0.365 * | −0.137 | −0.194 | 0.428 ** | −0.043 | −0.021 | 0.481 ** | 0.313 * | 0.239 | 0.303 * | 0.546 ** | 0.474 ** | 0.515 ** | 0.555 ** | 1 |
p-val. | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.371 | 0.202 | 0.003 | 0.781 | 0.893 | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.114 | 0.043 | 0 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | ||
* p-val. <= 0.05, ** p-val. <= 0.001. |
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Goals | Indicator |
---|---|
SDG1 | No Poverty |
SDG2 | No Hunger |
SDG3 | Good Health and Well-being |
SDG4 | Quality Education |
SDG5 | Gender Equality |
SDG6 | Clean Water and Sanitation |
SDG7 | Affordable and Clean Energy |
SDG8 | Decent Work and Economic Growth |
SDG9 | Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure |
SDG10 | Reduced Inequalities |
SDG11 | Sustainable Cities and Communities |
SDG12 | Responsible Consumption and Production |
SDG13 | Climate Action |
SDG15 | Life on Land |
SDG16 | Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions |
SDG17 | Partnerships for the Goals |
Economic | Social | Environment | Institutional |
---|---|---|---|
SDG8 | SDG1 | SDG6 | SDG16 |
SDG9 | SDG2 | SDG13 | SDG17 |
SDG10 | SDG3 | SDG15 | |
SDG12 | SDG4 | ||
SDG5 | |||
SDG7 | |||
SDG11 |
Dashboard | Trend | ||
---|---|---|---|
Green | Goal achievement (Progress = 4) | On track to maintain achievement (Trend = 3) | |
Yellow | Challenges remain (Progress = 3) | Moderately increasing (Trend = 2) | |
Orange | Significant challenges (Progress = 2) | Stagnating (Trend = 1) | |
Red | Major challenges (Progress = 1) | Decreasing (Trend = 0) | |
Grey | Insufficient data (Progress = 0) |
Group | Country | Progress and Trend | |
---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Bhutan, Georgia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Vietnam | Level = 2.22 | Orange |
Trend = 2.04 | |||
Group 2 | Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic/Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen | Level = 2.08 | Orange |
Trend = 2.31 | |||
Group 3 | China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Turkey | Level = 1.83 | Red |
Trend = 2.17 | |||
Group 4 | Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Israel, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Mongolia, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, United Arab Emirates | Level = 1.77 | Red |
Trend = 2.09 |
Group | Country | Progress and Trend | |
---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyz Republic/Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam | Level = 2.21 | Orange |
Trend = 1.98 | |||
Group 2 | Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mongolia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia | Level = 1.64 | Red |
Trend = 1.80 | |||
Group 3 | Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Uzbekistan | Level = 1.60 | Red |
Trend = 1.69 | |||
Group 4 | Afghanistan, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen | Level = 0.86 | Grey |
Trend = 1.22 |
Group | Country | Progress and Trend | |
---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Yemen | Level = 2 | Orange |
Trend = 1.78 | |||
Group 2 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Japan, Kyrgyz Republic/Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan | Level = 1.82 | Red |
Trend = 1.84 | |||
Group 3 | Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Vietnam | Level = 1.77 | Red |
Trend = 1.82 | |||
Group 4 | Brunei Darussalam, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates | Level = 1.14 | Red |
Trend = 1.76 |
Group | Country | Progress and Trend | |
---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Armenia, Bhutan, Georgia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Uzbekistan | Level = 2 | Orange |
Trend = 1.7335 | |||
Group 2 | Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, Iraq, Kyrgyz Republic/Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Turkey, Vietnam | Level = 1.643 | Red |
Trend = 1.488 | |||
Group 3 | Bahrain, China, Cyprus, Indonesia, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates | Level = 1.4 | Red |
Trend = 1.4875 | |||
Group 4 | Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Iran, Lao PDR, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen | Level = 1.346 | Red |
Trend = 1.308 |
Group | SDG8 | SDG9 | SDG 10 | SDG 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Level = 1.857 Trend = 2.286 | Level = 1.571 Trend = 1.857 | Level = 2 Trend = 1 | Level = 3.429 Trend = 3 |
Group 2 | Level = 1.222 Trend = 1.667 | Leve = 1.556 Trend = 1.667 | Level = 2.6 Trend = 3 | Level = 3.389 Trend = 2.889 |
Group 3 | Level = 1.333 Trend = 2 | Level = 1.833 Trend = 2.5 | Level = 1.333 Trend = 1.333 | Level = 2.833 Trend = 2.833 |
Group 4 | Level = 2.071 Trend = 2.429 | Level = 2.0 Trend = 2.5 | Level = 2.143 Trend = 1.6 | Level = 1.429 Trend = 1.857 |
Group | SDG1 | SDG2 | SDG 3 | SDG 4 | SDG5 | SDG7 | SD11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Level = 3.12 Trend = 2.696 | Level = 1.52 Trend = 1.44 | Level = 1.72 Trend = 2 | Level = 2.88 Trend = 2.47 | Level = 1.72 Trend = 1.44 | Level = 2.04 Trend = 1.9 | Level = 2.44 Trend = 1.8 |
Group 2 | Level = 1.167 Trend = 3 | Level = 1.167 Trend = 1.333 | Level = 1.667 Trend = 1.83 | Level = 2r.5 Trend = 2.4 | Level = 1.667 Trend = 1.33 | Level = 1.66 Trend = 1.8 | Level = 1.66 Trend = 0.8 |
Group 3 | Level = 2 Trend = 1.818 | Level = 1.364 Trend = 1.727 | Level = 1.091 Trend = 1.81 | Level = 2.273 Trend = 2.1 | Level = 1.727 Trend = 1.36 | Level = 1.45 Trend = 1.7 | Level = 1.2 Trend = 1.2 |
Group 4 | Level = 0 Trend = None | Level = 1 Trend = 1 | Level = 1 Trend = 1.33 | Level = 1 Trend = 2 | Level = 1 Trend = 0.67 | Level = 1 Trend = 1.3 | Level = 1 Trend = 1 |
Group | SDG6 | SDG13 | SDG 15 |
---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | Level = 1 Trend = 1.667 | Level = 4 Trend = 3 | Level = 1 Trend = 0.667 |
Group 2 | Level = 1.867 Trend = 2.4 | Level = 2.533 Trend = 1.667 | Level = 1.067 Trend = 1.467 |
Group 3 | Level = 1.7 Trend = 2.5 | Level = 2.55 Trend = 2.15 | Level = 1.05 Trend = 0.8 |
Group 4 | Level = 1 Trend = 2.857 | Level = 1.143 Trend = 1.429 | Level = 1.286 Trend = 1 |
Group | SDG16 | SDG17 |
---|---|---|
Group1 | Level = 2.133 Trend = 1.867 | Level = 1.867 Trend = 1.6 |
Group2 | Level = 1.143 Trend = 1.143 | Level = 2.143 Trend = 1.833 |
Group3 | Level = 1.7 Trend = 1.6 | Level = 1.1 Trend = 1.375 |
Group4 | Level = 1 Trend = 1.154 | Level = 1.692 Trend = 1.462 |
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Mathrani, A.; Wang, J.; Li, D.; Zhang, X. Clustering Analysis on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators for Forty-Five Asian Countries. Sci 2023, 5, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5020014
Mathrani A, Wang J, Li D, Zhang X. Clustering Analysis on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators for Forty-Five Asian Countries. Sci. 2023; 5(2):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5020014
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathrani, Anuradha, Jian Wang, Ding Li, and Xuanzhen Zhang. 2023. "Clustering Analysis on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators for Forty-Five Asian Countries" Sci 5, no. 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5020014