Assessment of the Effectiveness of Different Safety Measures at Tunnel Lay-Bys and Portals to Protect Occupants in Passenger Cars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Impact Configuration
2.2. Test Specimen
2.3. Data Acquisition
2.4. Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Concrete Barrier 4 m
3.2. Concrete Barrier 8 m
3.3. Crash Cushion Alpina F1-50
3.4. Crash Cushion Alpina <prototype>
3.5. Summary of the Test Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
- Crash cushion Alpina <prototype> (not designed for this speed limit)
- 8 m concrete barrier
- Crash cushion Alpina F1-50 (not designed for this speed limit)
- 4 m concrete barrier (should nothing else be available, which can be used to protect vehicle occupants on crash impacts)
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accident Year | Accidents | Injured Road Users | Fatalities |
---|---|---|---|
2002 | 95 | 156 | 13 |
2003 | 93 | 154 | 4 |
2004 | 133 | 231 | 6 |
2005 | 112 | 201 | 7 |
2006 | 69 | 128 | 4 |
2007 | 96 | 180 | 3 |
2008 | 84 | 155 | 6 |
2009 | 60 | 121 | 7 |
2010 | 75 | 108 | 4 |
2011 | 48 | 80 | 5 |
2012 | 110 | 168 | 7 |
2013 | 99 | 173 | 3 |
2014 | 105 | 167 | 3 |
2015 | 110 | 163 | 1 |
2016 | 137 | 213 | 3 |
Bi-Directional Tunnels | Unidirectional Tunnels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accident Year | Accidents | Injured Road Users | Fatalities | Accidents | Injured Road Users | Fatalities |
2006 | 14 | 20 | 3 | 54 | 106 | 1 |
2007 | 20 | 51 | 0 | 71 | 119 | 3 |
2008 | 23 | 49 | 0 | 56 | 99 | 6 |
2009 | 27 | 74 | 4 | 27 | 39 | 2 |
2010 | 18 | 27 | 0 | 40 | 56 | 3 |
2011 | 13 | 29 | 4 | 29 | 41 | 1 |
2012 | 28 | 56 | 4 | 78 | 105 | 2 |
2013 | 24 | 45 | 2 | 71 | 123 | 1 |
2014 | 12 | 21 | 2 | 82 | 120 | 1 |
2015 | 11 | 19 | 1 | 83 | 121 | 0 |
2016 | 14 | 41 | 0 | 113 | 158 | 1 |
Vehicle | Impact Speed | Impact Angle | |
---|---|---|---|
Concrete barrier 4 m | TB11 | 100 km/h | 47° |
Concrete barrier 8 m | TB11 | 100 km/h | 23° |
Crash cushion Alpina F1-50 | TB11 | 100 km/h | 0° |
Crash cushion Alpina <prototype> | TB11 | 100 km/h | 0° |
Impact Severity Level | Index Values | ||
---|---|---|---|
A | ASI 1.0 | and | THIV 33 km/h |
B | ASI 1.4 | ||
C | ASI 1.9 |
Impact Severity Level | Index Values | ||
---|---|---|---|
A | ASI 1.0 | and | THIV 44 km/h 1 |
B | ASI 1.4 |
Barrier 4 m | Barrier 8 m | Crash Cushion F1-50 | Crash Cushion <prototype> | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASI (Limit for severity level “B”: 1.4) | 2.9 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 1.8 |
THIV (Limit a: 33 km/h for safety barriers and b: 44 km/h for crash cushions) | 53 | 30 | 74 | 57 |
Secondary impact | Vehicle lifts up and impacts the end-wall of tunnel lay-by | Vehicle lifts up | No secondary impact | No secondary impact |
Post crash kinematics | Vehicle rotates and is redirected into the road lane and impacts left tunnel wall | No vehicle rotation but is redirected into the road lane and impacts left tunnel wall | Vehicle moved backwards and was rotating around the vertical axis | Vehicle moved backwards and was rotating around the vertical axis |
Test vehicle behavior after the impact | Uncontrolled | Uncontrolled | Yawing | Yawing |
Test vehicle deformation | Intrusions | No intrusions | Intrusions | No intrusions |
MAIS 2+ | MAIS 3+ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASI | Unbelted | Belted | Unbelted | Belted | |
Unprotected wall [2] | 3.7 | 100% | 98% | 100% | 85% |
Concrete barrier 4 m | 2.9 | 99% | 91% | 97% | 60% |
Concrete barrier 8 m | 1.8 | 84% | 56% | 63% | 21% |
Crash cushion Alpina F1-50 | 3.3 | 100% | 96% | 99% | 75% |
Crash cushion Alpina <prototype> | 1.6 | 75% | 46% | 48% | 15% |
MAIS 2+ | MAIS 3+ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
THIV | Unbelted | Belted | UNBELTED | belted | |
Unprotected wall [2] | 56 km/h | 97% | 73% | 99% | 38% |
Concrete barrier 4 m | 53 km/h | 96% | 69% | 97% | 32% |
Concrete barrier 8 m | 30 km/h | 19% | 18% | 1% | 5% |
Crash cushion Alpina F1-50 | 74 km/h | 100% | 94% | 100% | 78% |
Crash cushion Alpina <prototype> | 57 km/h | 98% | 77% | 99% | 42% |
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Tomasch, E.; Heindl, S.F.; Gstrein, G.; Sinz, W.; Steffan, H. Assessment of the Effectiveness of Different Safety Measures at Tunnel Lay-Bys and Portals to Protect Occupants in Passenger Cars. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6060081
Tomasch E, Heindl SF, Gstrein G, Sinz W, Steffan H. Assessment of the Effectiveness of Different Safety Measures at Tunnel Lay-Bys and Portals to Protect Occupants in Passenger Cars. Infrastructures. 2021; 6(6):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6060081
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasch, Ernst, Simon Franz Heindl, Gregor Gstrein, Wolfgang Sinz, and Hermann Steffan. 2021. "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Different Safety Measures at Tunnel Lay-Bys and Portals to Protect Occupants in Passenger Cars" Infrastructures 6, no. 6: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6060081