Ground Loss and Static Soil–Structure Interaction during Urban Tunnel Excavation: Evidence from the Excavation of the Athens Metro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Modeling of Ground Loss
3. Static Soil Structure Interaction (sSSI)
4. Evidence from the Athens Metro Line 2
5. Discussion
5.1. Amount and Timing of Recorded Ground Deformation
5.2. Uncertainties in Observations
5.3. Implications for Modeling of the Subsidence Curve and Unexpected Failures
5.4. Pattern of Ground Subsidence
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Width of Half Part of Subsidence Trough | SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) | |
---|---|---|
Free field zone | Precisely estimated. (but underestimated if subsidence amplitude is small). | Depending on subsidence amplitude. (SNR proportional to subsidence amplitude). |
Isolated tower | Precisely estimated. | High. |
Bulky building | Underestimated subsidence. Strains partly accommodated by building stiffness. | Small. |
Section | Type of Section | Svmax (mm) | Distance to Building at Left Side (m) dl | Distance to Building at Right Side (m) dr | Trough Width at Left Side (m) ℓl | Trough Width at Right Side (m) ℓr | Environs Asymmetry Ratio E | Trough Skewness Ratio S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PT1 | B-B | 24 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 1 | 0.69 |
PT2 | B-B | 11 | 14 | 14 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 0.86 |
PT3 | B-B | 220 | 6 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 0.57 | 0.8 |
PT4 | G-B | 58 | 14 | 25 | 7 | 14 | 1.78 | 2 |
PT5 | G-G | 78 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 28 | 1 | 0.93 |
PT6 | G-B | 20 | 25 | 14 | 23 | 15 | 1.78 | 1.53 |
K1 | G-B | 18 | 25 | 8 | 13 | 8 | 3.12 | 1.62 |
K2 | G-B | 15 | 25 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 2.5 | 1.71 |
K3 | B-B | 12 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 5 | 0.8 | 0.62 |
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Kontogianni, V.; Stiros, S.C. Ground Loss and Static Soil–Structure Interaction during Urban Tunnel Excavation: Evidence from the Excavation of the Athens Metro. Infrastructures 2020, 5, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5080064
Kontogianni V, Stiros SC. Ground Loss and Static Soil–Structure Interaction during Urban Tunnel Excavation: Evidence from the Excavation of the Athens Metro. Infrastructures. 2020; 5(8):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5080064
Chicago/Turabian StyleKontogianni, Villy, and Stathis C. Stiros. 2020. "Ground Loss and Static Soil–Structure Interaction during Urban Tunnel Excavation: Evidence from the Excavation of the Athens Metro" Infrastructures 5, no. 8: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5080064