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Infrastructures
Volume 10
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10.3390/infrastructures10080214
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Cross-Border Cascading Hazard Scenarios and Vulnerability Assessment of Levees and Bridges in the Sava River Basin

by
Gašper Rak
1,
Gorazd Novak
1,*,
Matjaž Četina
1,
Mirko Kosič
2,
Andrej Anžlin
2,
Nicola Rossi
3,
Meho Saša Kovačević
3 and
Mario Bačić
3
1
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova cesta 2, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2
Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Kačića-Miosića, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Infrastructures 2025, 10(8), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10080214
Submission received: 30 June 2025 / Revised: 28 July 2025 / Accepted: 4 August 2025 / Published: 14 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates cross-border cascading hazards and infrastructure vulnerabilities in the Sava River Basin, a seismically active and flood-prone region spanning the Slovenia–Croatia border. Conducted within the CROSScade project, the research focuses on assessing cross-border hazards and the vulnerabilities of levees and bridges. Key earthquake and flood scenarios were identified using advanced hydraulic and seismic modelling, forming the basis for evaluating the cascading effects of these events, including the potential failure of hydropower plants and associated flood protection systems. The analysis reveals that levees are particularly vulnerable to failure during the recession phase of flooding that follows an earthquake. At the same time, bridges are primarily affected by seismic loading, with minimal structural impact from flood forces. These findings underscore the pressing need for enhanced cross-border collaboration, updated design standards, and the reinforcement of critical infrastructure. The study provides essential insights for multi-hazard resilience planning and emphasises the importance of integrated risk assessments in managing cascading disaster impacts across national boundaries.
Keywords: cross-border risk; Sava River basin; seismic and flood scenarios; critical infrastructure; cascading hazards; vulnerability cross-border risk; Sava River basin; seismic and flood scenarios; critical infrastructure; cascading hazards; vulnerability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rak, G.; Novak, G.; Četina, M.; Kosič, M.; Anžlin, A.; Rossi, N.; Kovačević, M.S.; Bačić, M. Cross-Border Cascading Hazard Scenarios and Vulnerability Assessment of Levees and Bridges in the Sava River Basin. Infrastructures 2025, 10, 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10080214

AMA Style

Rak G, Novak G, Četina M, Kosič M, Anžlin A, Rossi N, Kovačević MS, Bačić M. Cross-Border Cascading Hazard Scenarios and Vulnerability Assessment of Levees and Bridges in the Sava River Basin. Infrastructures. 2025; 10(8):214. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10080214

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rak, Gašper, Gorazd Novak, Matjaž Četina, Mirko Kosič, Andrej Anžlin, Nicola Rossi, Meho Saša Kovačević, and Mario Bačić. 2025. "Cross-Border Cascading Hazard Scenarios and Vulnerability Assessment of Levees and Bridges in the Sava River Basin" Infrastructures 10, no. 8: 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10080214

APA Style

Rak, G., Novak, G., Četina, M., Kosič, M., Anžlin, A., Rossi, N., Kovačević, M. S., & Bačić, M. (2025). Cross-Border Cascading Hazard Scenarios and Vulnerability Assessment of Levees and Bridges in the Sava River Basin. Infrastructures, 10(8), 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10080214

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