A Review of Smartphone Apps Used for Toric Intraocular Lens Calculation and Alignment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Phase I. A Review of All Available Smartphone Apps for Toric IOL Calculations and Axis Alignment
2.2. Phase II. Systematic Review to Identify Studies That Included the Smartphone Apps Identified in Phase I
2.3. Phase III. Objective Scoring of the Included Apps Using the Validated Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS)
3. Results
3.1. Phase I. A Review of All Available Smartphone Apps for Toric IOL Calculations and Axis Alignment
3.2. Phase II. Systematic Review to Identify Studies That Included the Smartphone Apps Identified in Phase I
3.3. Phase III. Objective Scoring of the Included Apps Using the Validated Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria: |
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|
Exclusion Criteria: |
|
Engagement | Entertainment, Interest, Customisation, Interactivity, Target Group |
---|---|
Functionality | Performance, ease of use, navigation, gestural design |
Aesthetics | Layout, graphics, visual appeal (how good does the app look?) |
Information quality | Accuracy of app description, goals, quality of information, visual information, credibility, evidence base |
Subjective quality | Would you recommend this app? How many times do you think you would use this app? Would you pay for this app? What is your overall star rating of the app? |
Mean app quality (MAQ) | The MAQ can be calculated using the mean scores of engagement, functionality, aesthetics and information quality from the objective domains above. |
A. Summary of Toric IOL Calculation Apps (n = 6). | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | App Name | Operating System (OS) | Cost (GBP) | Engagement | Functionality | Aesthetics | Information Quality | Subjective Quality | Mean App Quality Score (MAQ) | App Rating 1 (1–5) | Reviews 2 (n) | Developer(s) |
1 | Toric Calculator for iPhone | iOS | 3.99 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.13 | - | 0 | App Developers and Industry |
2 | Eye Tools | iOS | 4.99 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.88 | 4.0 | 1 | App Developers and Industry |
3 | Biotech Calculators | Android | 0.00 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.25 | 4.7 | 17 | Industry |
4 | Axis Toric Calculator | Android | 0.00 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.13 | 4.6 | 8 | Industry |
5 | EyeToric | iOS | 0.00 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.13 | 3.2 | 5 | Ophthalmologist |
6 | Excellent Toric Calculator | Android | 0.00 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.50 | - | 0 | App Developers and Industry |
B. Summary of Axis Marking Apps (n = 4). | ||||||||||||
Rank | App Name | Operating System (OS) | Cost (GBP) | Engagement | Functionality | Aesthetics | Information Quality | Subjective Quality | Mean App Quality Score (MAQ) | App Rating 1 (1–5) | Reviews 2 (n) | Developer(s) |
1 | iToric Patwardhan | Android | 0.00 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.13 | 4.7 | 19 | Ophthalmologist |
2 | Axis Assistant | iOS | 1.99 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.38 | 3.0 | 6 | Ophthalmologist |
3 | toriCAM | iOS | 0.00 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.13 | 4.3 | 7 | Ophthalmologist |
4 | Toric IOL Axis Marker | Android | 0.00 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 3.00 | 3.4 | 14 | App Developers and Clinician |
# | Authors (Year) | Country | Type of Study | Study Setting | Sample Size (No. of Patients) | Smartphone App | Purpose of App | Control(s) | Primary Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pallas et al. (2018) | Australia | Prospective randomised | Tertiary teaching hospital | 22 | toriCAM | Axis marking for the true reference meridian | Freehand marking vs. slit-lamp-assisted marking | Preoperative reference marking for toric IOL surgery |
2 | Lipsky et al. (2019) | Australia | Retrospective case series | Tertiary teaching and community hospital | 56 | toriCAM | Axis marking for the true reference meridian | Barrett dual-axis toric marker vs. Mendez gauge | Postoperative alignment error in toric IOL at 1 month |
3 | Khatib et al. (2020) | India | Prospective observational | Tertiary Eye Hospital | 36 | iToric Patwardhan | Axis marking | Manual marking vs. smartphone-assisted marking | Preoperative reference marking for toric IOL surgery |
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Scantling-Birch, Y.; Naveed, H.; Mukhija, R.; Nanavaty, M.A. A Review of Smartphone Apps Used for Toric Intraocular Lens Calculation and Alignment. Vision 2022, 6, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision6010013
Scantling-Birch Y, Naveed H, Mukhija R, Nanavaty MA. A Review of Smartphone Apps Used for Toric Intraocular Lens Calculation and Alignment. Vision. 2022; 6(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision6010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleScantling-Birch, Yarrow, Hasan Naveed, Ritika Mukhija, and Mayank A. Nanavaty. 2022. "A Review of Smartphone Apps Used for Toric Intraocular Lens Calculation and Alignment" Vision 6, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision6010013