Growing Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a Potential Second-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin, Distribution and Exploitation of J. curcas
3. Morphology and Phenology
4. Genetic Diversity
5. Cultivation Practices of Jatropha
5.1. Propagation
5.2. Soil Requirement
5.3. Irrigation and Fertilizer Management
5.4. Insect, Pest, and Disease Management
6. Biodiesel and Its Properties
6.1. Cetane Number
6.2. Cloud Point
6.3. Oxidative Stability
6.4. Viscosity
6.5. Lubricity
6.6. Density
6.7. Flashpoint
6.8. Pour Point
6.9. Cold Filter Plugging Point
6.10. Calorific Value
6.11. Acid Number
6.12. Iodine Number
7. Methods of Biodiesel Production
7.1. Blending
7.2. Microemulsion Method
7.3. Pyrolysis or Thermal Cracking
7.4. Transesterification
7.4.1. Catalytic Transesterification
7.4.2. Base or Alkaline Catalyzed Transesterification
7.4.3. Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification
7.4.4. Biocatalytic or Enzymatic Transesterification
7.4.5. Supercritical Alcohol Transesterification
8. Jatropha as Second-Generation Biofuel Feedstocks from Non-Edible Source
8.1. Biodiesel Production Potential of J. curcas
8.2. Fatty Acid Composition
8.3. Composition of J. curcas Oil
9. Environmental Impacts and Economic Aspects of Jatropha Cultivation
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
J. curcas | Jatropha curcas L. |
EN ISO | European Standards International Organization for Standardization |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
FAME | fatty acid methyl ester |
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Plant Parts | Uses | References |
---|---|---|
Leaves | Medicinal uses | [23,31] |
Anti-inflammatory | [32] | |
Silk farming | [37] | |
Latex | Coagulant and anticoagulant | [38] |
Antimicrobial toothpaste | [39] | |
Wound healing | [40] | |
Seed oil | Biofuel | [41] |
Medicinal uses | [42] | |
Soap production | [43] | |
Seed cake | Fertilizer | [44] |
Biogas | [45] | |
Fodder (non-toxic) | [23] | |
Roots | Anti-microbial | [46] |
Medicinal uses | [31,47] |
N:P: K Treatment (kg ha−1 Year−1) | Other Additives (kg ha−1 Year−1) |
---|---|
68:69:75 | Sulphur (12.5) |
46:46:46 | - |
46:48:24 | - |
60:30:0 | - |
37:37:37 | cow dung (25) |
Feedstocks | Density at 15 °C (kg/m3) | Heating Value (MJ/kg) | Cloud Point (°C) | Flashpoint (°C) | Pour Point (°C) | Viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) | Cetane Number | Iodine Number | Sulfur Content (wt.%) | Add Value mg/g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal fat | 875 | 36.73 | - | - | - | 4.25 | 63.88 | 83.02 | - | 0.38 |
Ankistrodesmus | 869 | 40.72 | 7 | 144 | −6 | 4.19 | - | - | - | - |
Babassu | 872 | 31.8 | 4 | 117 | - | 4.2 | 63.25 | - | - | 0.425 |
Beef tallow | 832 | 40.23 | - | 152–171 | 15 | 4.89 | 60.36 | 44.4 | - | 0.2 |
Bitter almond | 884 | - | 4.5 | 169 | −6 | 4.6 | 45.18 | 117.29 | - | 0.27 |
Camelina | 885 | 45.2 | 2.5 | 150 | −6.3 | 4.11 | 48.91 | 146.5 | 3 ppm | 0.2 |
Camelus dromedaries | 871 | 39.52 | 12.7 | 158 | 15.5 | 3.39 | 58.7 | 65.3 | 0.031 | - |
Canola | 878 | 35.74 L | −3.25 | 172.36 | −8 | 4.42 | 54 | 113.6 | 2 ppm | 0.49 |
Castor | 922 | 38.09 | −11.16 | 178.56 | −20 | 17.14 | 37.55 | 85.53 | 1.3 | 0.148 |
Chicken fat | 883 | 40.17 | −7 | 172 | - | 4.98 | 48 | - | 23.45 | 0.22 |
Chlorella variabilis | 867 | 38.78 | - | 157 | - | 4.875 | 58.6 | - | 0 | 0 |
Coconut | 867 | 35.2 L, 38.2 H | −1.6 | 113.83 | −8.3 | 3.2 | 64.65 | - | 3 ppm | 0.18 |
Cottonseed | 887 | 39.75 | 1.7 | 210 | −12.5 | 4.19 | 48.1 | 120 | - | 0.5 |
Crambe abyssinica | 872 | 39.56 | - | 136 | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
Fish oil | 881 | 40.54 | - | 177 | - | 4.45 | 47 | - | - | - |
Fish oil | 885 | 40.05 | - | 114 | - | 4.74 | 52.6 | - | - | - |
Fleshing oil | 907 | 39.61 | - | - | - | - | - | 52 | >990 ppm | - |
Groundnut | 920 | 39.8 | 8 | 132 | 3 | 4.4 | 59.85 | 71.8 | 1.315 ppm | - |
Hazelnut | 896 | 39.58 | −7.65 | 172.7 | −6 | 4.81 | 62.95 | 109 | 7 ppm | 0.351 |
J. curcas L. | 865 | 40.79 | 5.66 | 175.5 | 6 | 4.25 | 55.43 | 95.75 | 0.008 | 0.24 |
Jojoba | 866 | 44.77 | - | 80.5 | - | 2.2–19.2 | 63.5 | 48.97 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
Karanja | 889 | 36.56 | 13.3 | 157.4 | 6.4 | 4.79 | 56.55 | 89 | 0.003 | - |
Kusum | 875 | - | - | 152 | −2 | 5.34 | - | 37.59 | <0.005 | 0.435 |
Lard | 877 | 36.5 | - | 143.5 | 7 | 4.84 | - | 66–77 | - | 0.12 |
Linseed | 852 | 37.45 | 2.43 | 241 | −9.6 | 3.95 | 34.6 | 178 | 0.002 | 0.335 |
Mahua | 895 | 36.9 L, 39.4 H | 4.33 | 161 | −6.8 | 4.77 | 55 | 74.2 | - | 0.41 |
Michelia champaca | 870 | 39.51 | - | 158 | - | 5.11 | 50.28 | 104 | - | 0.44 |
Mustard | 879 | 40.4 | 16 | 169.16 | −18 | 5.53 | 56 | 128 | <1 | 0.2 |
Neem | 886 | 39.84 | 114.5 | 144.75 | 7 | 6.09 | 51.26 | 46.84 | 473 ppm | - |
Neem seed pyrolysis oil | 982 | 20.8 | - | 55 | - | 9.38 | - | - | - | - |
Olive pomace | 894 | 39.96 | 2 | 138 | 6 | 4.26 | 56.3 | 134.5 | - | 0.1 |
Palm | 870 | 34.4 L, 40.13 H | 14.25 | 176.7 | 14.33 | 4.53 | 60.21 | 50.5 | 2 | 0.2 |
Peanut | 878 | 35.33 | 12.6 | 176 | 11.5 | 4.69 | 58.24 | 67.45 | 6 ppm | - |
Plastic pyrolysis oil | 981 | 38.3 | - | 13 | - | 1.91 | - | - | 0.155 | 41 |
Pont water algae | 872 | 40.8 | - | - | −16 | 5.82 | - | - | - | 0.4 |
Poultry fat | 877 | 38.58 | - | 172 | 3 | 6.86 | - | 78.8 | - | 0.55 |
Rapeseed | 879 | 35.8 L, 41.1 H | −3.5 | 169.5 | −11 | 4.4 | 48.25 | 112 | 0.0024 | 0.26 |
Rice bran | 889 | 38.17 | 0.55 | 157.4 | 6.4 | 5.15 | 64.95 | 106 | 6 | - |
Rubber | 875 | 39.174 | 3.1 | 173.4 | −7 | 5.6 | 53 | 144 | - | 0.12 |
Sesame | 867 | 40.25 | 0.5 | 176.67 | −4 | 4.23 | 58.97 | 83.52 | < 0.005 | 0.285 |
Sludge pyrolysis oil | 980 | 37.04 | - | 68 | - | 12.3 | - | - | 0.55 | 26 |
Sour plum | - | - | - | - | −6 | - | 61.39 | - | - | - |
Soybean | 882 | 39.84 H | 0 | 140.1 | −3.2 | 4.15 | 44.7 | 117.7 | - | 0.18 |
Spirulina | 860 | 41.36 | - | 130 | −18 | 5.66 | - | - | - | 0.45 |
Spirulina platensis | 863 | 45.63 | −3 | 189 | −9 | 12.4 | 70 | 102 | 0 | - |
Sunflower | 869 | 34.71 L, 40.6 H | 1.33 | 180.33 | −2 | 4.26 | 45.7 | 128.7 | - | 0.357 |
Terminalia catappa | 876 | 37.33 | - | 90 | 6 | 4.3 | 57.1 | 83.2 | 13.3 | 0.5 |
Tobacco | 865 | 42.22 | - | 165 | −12 | 3.56 | 51.5 | 136 | - | - |
Trout oil | 885 | 37.8 | - | - | - | 4.25 | 51.3 | - | - | - |
Waste cooking oil | 876 | 39.76 | - | 160 | - | 3.65 | 50.4 | 62 | - | - |
Waste fry oil | 855 | 40.5 | −12 | 126 | - | 4.57 | 52.2 | - | - | - |
Waste frying palm oil | 875 | 38.73 | - | 70.6 | - | 4.4 | 60.4 | - | - | 0.51 |
Species | Seed Yield (×105 Mg ha−1 Year−1) | Oil Content (%) | Oil Yield (Mg ha−1 Year−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Jatropha | 2.0 | 40–60 | 2.0–3.0 |
Mahua | 2.0 | 35–40 | 1.0–4.0 |
Karanja | 0.6 | 30–40 | 2.0–4.0 |
Caster | 2.5 | 45–60 | 0.5–1.0 |
Linseed | 1.0 | 35–45 | 0.5–1.0 |
Fatty Acid | Structure | Formula | Composition (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jatropha Seed Oil a | Karanja Oil | Sunflower Oil | Soybean Oil | Palm Kernel Oil | |||
Myristic | (14:0) | C14H28O2 | 0–0.1 | - | - | 0.1 | 16.3 |
Palmitic | (16:0) | C16H32O2 | 14.1–15.3 | 9.8 | - | 11.0 | 8.4 |
Palmitoleic | (16:1) | C16H16O2 | 0–1.3 | - | - | - | - |
Stearic | (18:0) | C18H36O2 | 3.7–9.8 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 2.4 |
Oleic | (18:1) | C18H34O2 | 34.3–45.8 | 72.2 | 21.1 | 23.4 | 15.4 |
Linoleic | (18:2) | C18H32O2 | 29.0–44.2 | 11.8 | 66.2 | 53.2 | 2.4 |
Linolenic | (18:3) | C18H32O2 | 0–0.3 | - | - | 7.8 | - |
Arachidic | (20:0) | C20H40O2 | 0–0.3 | - | 0.3 | - | 0.1 |
Behenatic | (22:0) | C22H44O2 | 0–0.2 | - | - | - | - |
Characteristics | Jatropha Biodiesel | Diesel Oil |
---|---|---|
Specific gravity 15 °C | 0.86–0.93 | 0.82–0.86 |
Calorie value (MJ kg−1) | 38–42 | 42 |
Pour point (°C) | −3 | −35 to 15 |
Cloud point (°C) | 2 | −15 to 5 |
Flashpoint (°C) | 210–240 | 50–98 |
Cetane number | 38–51, up to 57 | 40–55 |
Sulfur | 0.13 | 1.2 |
Viscosity (cSt) at 30 °C | 37–55 | 1.3–4.1 |
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Neupane, D.; Bhattarai, D.; Ahmed, Z.; Das, B.; Pandey, S.; Solomon, J.K.Q.; Qin, R.; Adhikari, P. Growing Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a Potential Second-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock. Inventions 2021, 6, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040060
Neupane D, Bhattarai D, Ahmed Z, Das B, Pandey S, Solomon JKQ, Qin R, Adhikari P. Growing Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a Potential Second-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock. Inventions. 2021; 6(4):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040060
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeupane, Dhurba, Dwarika Bhattarai, Zeeshan Ahmed, Bhupendra Das, Sharad Pandey, Juan K. Q. Solomon, Ruijun Qin, and Pramila Adhikari. 2021. "Growing Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) as a Potential Second-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock" Inventions 6, no. 4: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6040060