The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- What is the long-term wind and wave energy pattern in the vicinity of Giglio Island according to some state-of-the-art data (satellite and reanalysis).
- (b)
- What is the impact of a hybrid marine energy farm on the local area.
- (c)
- Hw the coastal dynamics will be affected by the presence of such a marine energy farm.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Target Area
2.2. ISSM Computational Platform and Case Studies
2.2.1. The ISSM Interface
2.2.2. Case Studies
2.3. Wind and Wave-Data and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Wind and Wave-Data and Analysis
3.2. Coastal Impact Induced by the Generic Marine Energy Farm
3.2.1. Analysis of the Significant Wave Heights
3.2.2. Additional Wave Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (a)
- The ERA 5 dataset indicates for the Giglio site higher extreme values than those provided by altimeter data. The accuracy of the satellite measurements in predicting the wave heights close to the shoreline area can be put into discussion, taking into account the interference problems that may occur near the land-water interface. From the analysis of the wave conditions, it was found that the target area is naturally protected by a peninsula, but there are also certain situations when the storm conditions may enter in the target area without any restriction. As for the wind conditions, a small offshore wind farm can cover a large percentage of the Giglio’s electricity demand during the touristic season.
- (b)
- The proposed wave farm made up of WaveCat systems, may reduce the wave heights close to the shore by almost 12%, a more significant effect being noticed for the two-line configuration. From the analysis of the spatial maps, it is difficult to quantify the far field effect, a short attenuation of the waves close to the WEC line followed by a quick regeneration of the wave fields being observed. It is also important to mention that the type of the breaking waves can significantly change, being possible to increase the percentage of the spilling waves (ex. Case 4—Line 4) that can carry sediments from the offshore area.
- (c)
- The impact of the wave farms on the longshore currents is minimal, being noticed however various patterns, such as the increase of the currents (up to 20%) or attenuation (up to 70%).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
σ | Relative frequency |
θ | Wave direction |
Velocity of the ambient current | |
AEP | Annual Electricity Production |
CAPEX | Capital expenditures |
CCI-SS | European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative for Sea State |
Dir | Wave direction |
f(u) | Probability distribution of the wind speed |
Hs | Significant wave height |
ISSM | Interface for SWAN and Surf Models |
N | Action density spectrum |
P(u) | Power curve of a turbine |
S | Sink and source terms |
SWAN | Simulating Waves Nearshore |
T | Number of hours per year |
Tm | Wave period |
U100 | Wind speed reported at 80 m above sea level |
UTC | Universal Time Coordinated |
Ubot | Orbital velocity at the bottom |
Vcmax | Longshore currents maximum velocity |
WECs | Wave Energy Converters |
WT | Wind turbines |
T1 | Vestas 90-3.0MW |
T2 | Areva M5000-116 |
T3 | Senvion 6.2M126 |
T4 | Vestas 164-8.8 MW |
T5 | Vestas 164-9.5 MW |
CS | Case studies considered |
CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4 | |
Marine farm configurations | |
Scenario A | No farm |
Scenario B | 1 line—2d spacing |
Scenario C | 1 line—3d spacing |
Scenario D | 2 lines—up (the second line is up in relationship with the 1 line case) |
Scenario E | 2 lines—down (the second line is down in relationship with the 1 line case) |
Reference lines (L) defined in the nearshore | |
L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 | |
Nearshore points (NP) | NP1, NP2, NP3, NP4, NP5, reference points defined in the offshore extremity of the reference lines |
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Input/ Process | Wave | Wind | Tide | Crt | Gen | Wcap | Quad | Triad | Diff | Bfric | Setup | Br |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | x | - | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Computational domain | Coordinates | ∆x × ∆y (m) | ∆θ (°) | Mod | nf | nθ | ngx × ngy = np | |||||
Cartesian | 25 × 25 | 5 | Stat/BSBT | 36 | 34 | 99 × 101 = 9999 |
Turbine | ID | Hub Height (m) | Cut-in Speed (m/s) | Rated Speed (m/s) | Cut-Out Speed (m/s) | Projects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V90-3.0 | T1 | 100 | 4 | 15 | 25 | Barrow (UK) |
Areva M5000-116 | T2 | 100 | 4 | 12.5 | 25 | Global Tech I (DE) |
Senvion 6.2 M126 | T3 | 100 | 3.5 | 13.5 | 30 | Nordsee Ost (DE) |
V164-8.8 MW | T4 | 100 | 4 | 13 | 25 | Aberdeen (UK) |
V164-9.5MW | T5 | 100 | 3.5 | 14 | 25 | EolMed (FR) |
Case Study | Time Frame | Hs (m) | Tm (s) | Dir (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CS1 | 1999.12.28-h18 | 4.72 | 8.20 | 273.7 |
CS2 | 1999.02.22-h18 | 3.49 | 6.96 | 275.6 |
CS3 | 2018.01.17-h12 | 3.34 | 6.75 | 280.8 |
CS4 | 2013.11.11-h12 | 3.17 | 6.32 | 353 |
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Rusu, L.; Onea, F.; Rusu, E. The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Inventions 2021, 6, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6020033
Rusu L, Onea F, Rusu E. The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Inventions. 2021; 6(2):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6020033
Chicago/Turabian StyleRusu, Liliana, Florin Onea, and Eugen Rusu. 2021. "The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources—A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea" Inventions 6, no. 2: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6020033