Sex Differences in the Association between Internet Usage and Overweight/Obesity: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population and Setting
2.2. Measures of Outcomes: Body Mass Index
2.3. Measures of Exposures: Internet Usage
2.4. Covariates and Potential Confounders
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Weighted Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity and Internet Usages by Sample Characteristics
3.3. Associations between Internet Usage and Overweight/Obesity
3.4. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Sample Distribution (%) | Prevalence of (%) Underweight, Normal Weight, and Overweight/Obesity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight | Normal | Overweight/ Obesity | p-Value | ||
Overall | 10380 (100) | 16.5 (1722) | 48.5 (5243) | 35.0(3415) | - |
Age group | |||||
15–24 | 4048 (38.2) | 25.1 | 57.1 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
25–34 | 2950 (29.0) | 11.7 | 46.5 | 41.8 | |
35–44 | 2417 (23.7) | 10.7 | 39.3 | 50.0 | |
45–49 | 965 (9.1) | 11.0 | 43.4 | 45.6 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 3995 (39.0) | 16.8 | 50.7 | 32.5 | <0.001 |
Female | 6385 (61.0) | 16.3 | 47.1 | 36.6 | |
Marital status | |||||
Unmarried | 2609 (25.4) | 27.8 | 56.9 | 15.3 | <0.001 |
Ever Married | 7771 (74.6) | 12.7 | 45.7 | 41.6 | |
Number of under five years old child | |||||
No under 5 | 5892 (57.0) | 15.5 | 47.7 | 36.8 | <0.001 |
One | 2910 (27.9) | 16.0 | 48.5 | 35.5 | |
Two | 1241 (11.9) | 20.6 | 51.8 | 27.6 | |
Three or more | 337 (3.2) | 23.4 | 52.4 | 24.2 | |
Educational qualification | |||||
No education | 2524 (24.0) | 17.8 | 50.7 | 31.5 | <0.001 |
Primary | 1783 (17.7) | 17.3 | 46.1 | 36.6 | |
Secondary | 4325 (40.9) | 17.8 | 49.0 | 33.2 | |
Higher | 1748 (17.4) | 10.8 | 47.0 | 42.2 | |
Occupational status | |||||
Unemployed | 2579 (25.3) | 21.4 | 46.1 | 32.5 | <0.001 |
Non-manual job | 2080 (21.7) | 8.3 | 39.9 | 51.8 | |
Agriculture | 4436 (40.0) | 17.4 | 54.2 | 28.4 | |
Manual job | 1285 (13.0) | 17.8 | 50.2 | 32.0 | |
Wealth index | |||||
Poorest | 2109 (16.6) | 18.6 | 59.5 | 22.0 | <0.001 |
Poorer | 2088 (18.8) | 20.5 | 52.3 | 27.2 | |
Middle | 2106 (20.1) | 19.7 | 51.4 | 28.9 | |
Richer | 2204 (23.1) | 15.9 | 47.6 | 36.5 | |
Richest | 1873 (21.4) | 9.0 | 35.2 | 55.8 | |
Current tobacco use (any type) | |||||
No | 7631 (73.9) | 17.0 | 47.5 | 35.5 | 0.014 |
Yes | 2749 (26.1) | 15.1 | 51.6 | 33.3 | |
Coffee, tea, cola, or other drink (Caffeine) | |||||
No | 9809 (94.2) | 16.8 | 48.9 | 34.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 571 (5.8) | 10.9 | 43.0 | 46.1 | |
Frequency of watching television | |||||
Not at all | 2901 (25.7) | 21.5 | 54.0 | 24.5 | <0.001 |
Less than once a week | 2644 (24.2) | 17.3 | 54.2 | 28.5 | |
At least once a week | 4835 (50.1) | 13.6 | 43.0 | 43.4 | |
Urbanicity | |||||
Urban | 6736 (63.0) | 15.5 | 46.0 | 38.5 | <0.001 |
Rural | 3644 (37.0) | 18.3 | 52.8 | 28.9 | |
Ecological zone | |||||
Mountain | 751 (6.1) | 12.0 | 56.1 | 31.9 | <0.001 |
Hill | 4668 (43.6) | 11.6 | 48.6 | 39.8 | |
Terai | 4961 (50.3) | 21.3 | 47.6 | 31.1 | |
Internet use (IU) at the last 12 months or earlier | |||||
No | 7134 (66.1) | 17.9 | 50.0 | 32.1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 3246 (33.9) | 13.9 | 45.6 | 40.5 | |
Frequency of internet use (FIU) in the last month | |||||
Non-user | 7472 (69.4) | 17.8 | 49.9 | 32.3 | <0.001 |
Less than/at least once in a week | 1324 (13.1) | 16.4 | 47.0 | 36.6 | |
Almost every day | 1584 (17.5) | 11.4 | 44.5 | 44.1 |
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Rana, J.; Islam, M.M.; Oldroyd, J.; Samad, N.; Islam, R. Sex Differences in the Association between Internet Usage and Overweight/Obesity: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in Nepal. Sexes 2021, 2, 132-143. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010011
Rana J, Islam MM, Oldroyd J, Samad N, Islam R. Sex Differences in the Association between Internet Usage and Overweight/Obesity: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in Nepal. Sexes. 2021; 2(1):132-143. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleRana, Juwel, Md. Momin Islam, John Oldroyd, Nandeeta Samad, and Rakibul Islam. 2021. "Sex Differences in the Association between Internet Usage and Overweight/Obesity: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey in Nepal" Sexes 2, no. 1: 132-143. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010011