Central Precocious Puberty in Boys and Girls: Similarities and Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Etiology
Author | Year | Country | N * | Organic/Idiopathic (%) | F:M Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||||
Thamdrup [18] | 1961 | Netherland | 56 | 64/36 | 24/76 | 4.1:1 |
UCSF ° [19] | 1981 | USA | 205 | 67/33 | 27/73 | 4.2:1 |
Bridges et al. [20] | 1994 | UK | 95 | 100/- | 6/94 | 23.0:1 |
ISGPP ^ [21,22] | 2000 | Italy | 473 | 40/60 | 18/82 | 9.5:1 |
Chemaitilly et al. [23] | 2001 | France | 256 | 73/27 | 19/81 | 8.8:1 |
Klein et al. [24] | 2001 | USA | 98 | 83/17 | 32/68 | 4.4:1 |
Lee et al. [25] | 2011 | USA | 54 | — | — | 9.8:1 |
Jaruratanasirikul et al. [26] | 2011 | Thailand | 73 | 100/- | 15/85 | 13.6:1 |
Soriano-Guillén et al. [6] | 2010 | Spain | 250 | 33/67 | 11/89 | 9.4:1 |
Alikasifoglu et al. [12] | 2015 | Turkey | 100 | 26/74 | — | — |
Lee et al. [13] | 2018 | Korea | 71 | 38/62 | — | — |
Yoon et al. [14] | 2018 | Korea | 138 | 6/132 | — | — |
Choi et al. [15] | 2013 | Korea | 23 | 6/17 | — | — |
Topor et al. [16] | 2018 | USA | 50 | 64/36 | — | — |
Harbulot et al. [17] | 2021 | France | 395 | 60/40 | 12/88 | 10.6:1 |
4. Clinical Presentation
5. Laboratory Assessment
Author | Method | LH (IU/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls | Boys | ||||
B | P | B | P | ||
Brito et al. [41] | IFMA | 0.6 | 6.9 | 0.6 | 9.6 |
Lee et al. [42] | IRMA | 1.1 | 5 | — | — |
Neely et al. [43] | ICMA | 0.15 | 5 | 0.15 | 5 |
Pasternak et al. [44] | ICMA | 0.1 | 4.9 | — | — |
Resende et al. [45] | IFMA | 0.6 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 3.3 |
ICMA | 0.1 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 4.1 | |
Wankanit et al. [46] | CMIA | 0.2 | 5.0 * | — | — |
6. Clinical Consequences of Untreated CPP
Author | Year | Adult Height, Males | Adult Height, Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | cm | SDS a | n | cm | SDS a | ||
Thamdrup [18] | 1961 | 8 | 155.4 ± 8.3 | −2.9 | 26 | 151.3 ± 8.8 | −1.8 |
Sigurjonsdottir et al. [47] | 1968 | 11 | 156.0 ± 7.3 | −2.8 | 40 | 152.7 ± 8.0 | −1.6 |
Bovier-Lapierre et al. [48] | 1972 | 5 | 155.8 ± 2.8 | −2.8 | 4 | 150.5 ± 1.6 | −1.9 |
Paul et al. [49] | 1995 | 4 | 159.6 ± 8.7 | −3.7 b | 8 | 153.8 ± 6.8 | −2.4 |
Pisa [50] | 2008 | 4 | 156.0 ± 4.7 | −2.8 | 7 | 151.4 ± 4.7 | −1.8 |
Swaiss et al. [51] | 2017 | 2 | 149.0 ± 12.7 | −3.9 | 11 | 151.2 ± 8.4 | −1.8 |
7. Therapy
Triptorelin, 3.75 mg | Leuprorelin, 3.75 mg | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors | AH | AH-PH | AH-TH | Authors | AH | AH-PH | AH-TH |
cm | cm | ||||||
Adan et al. [59] | 159.5 ± 5.3 | 3.5 | −1.7 | Brito et al. [60] | 155.3 ± 6.9 | −5.3 | −2.2 |
Arrigo et al. [61] | 158.4 ± 5.8 | 2.9 | −2.9 | Cho et al. [62] | 161.5 ± 4.6 | 8.4 | 2.2 |
Carel et al. [63] | 161.1 ± 5.9 | 4.7 | 1.0 | Lee et al. [25] | 160.1 ± 5.0 | 4.0 | 0.8 |
Faienza et al. [64] | 160.6 ± 3.4 | 2.2 | −0.2 | Tanaka et al. [65] | 154.5 ± 5.7 | −0.4 | −0.4 |
Heger et al. [66] | 160.6 ± 8.0 | 5.7 | −2.0 | Vuralli et al. [67] * | −0.6 ± 0.8 a | 2.0 | 0.6 |
Kauli et al. [68] | 159.6 ± 6.3 | 2.7 | 1.9 | −0.7 ± 0.9 b | 1.0 | 0.2 | |
Pasquino et al. [69] | 159.8 ± 5.3 | 9.5 | 2.4 | −1.0 ± 0.7 c | 0.6 | −0.5 |
Authors | GnRH Analog (Dose) | AH | AH-PH | AH-TH |
---|---|---|---|---|
cm | ||||
Klein et al. [24] | Deslorelin (4 mg/kg/day) | 171.1 ± 8.7 | 15.0 | −7.2 |
Mul et al. [70] | Triptorelin (3.75 mg/28 days) | 172.9 ± 6.6 | 6.2 | −2.2 |
Shim et al. [71] | Leuprorelin or triptorelin (3.75 µg/28 days) | 173.4 ± 5.8 | 3.3 | 2.5 |
Tanaka et al. [65] | Leuprorelin (10–90 µg/28 days) | 163.2 ± 13.0 | 1.1 | −4.4 |
8. Short- and Long-Term Safety
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Years of Assessment | Country | Girls | Boys | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, Years | Incidence * | Age, Years | Incidence * | |||
Teilman et al. [5] | 1993–2001 | Denmark a | <9 | 8.0 ° | <10 | 1.0–2.0 |
Soriano-Guillen et al. [6] | 1997–2009 | Spain b | <8 | 0.1 | <9 | 0.01 |
Le Moal et al. [7] | 2011–2013 | France c | <9 | 2.7 | <10 | 0.2 |
Kim et al. [8] | 2004–2010 | Korea d | <8 | 1.5 | <9 | 0.06 |
Kim et al. [9] | 2008–2014 | Korea e | <9 | 26.3 | <10 | 0.7 |
Idiopathic forms. |
CNS abnormalities: |
Arachnoid cyst, septo-optic dysplasia |
Cerebral palsy |
Hydrocephalus, myelo-meningocele |
Hypothalamic hamartoma |
Infections (congenital, acquired) |
Malignancy (craniopharyngioma, gliomas, meningiomas, ependymoma, germinoma, astrocytoma, pineal tumor) |
Trauma, Irradiation, Intracranial bleeding |
Type 2 Chiari malformation |
Syndromes/genetic variants: |
Chromosomal microdeletion (1p36; 9p) |
Neurofibromatosis, type 1, Tuberous sclerosis |
Sturge-Weber, Williams-Beuren, Temple syndromes, RASopathies |
Gain of function mutations (MKRN3, DLK1) |
Environmental factors: |
Endocrine disruptors |
International adoption |
Withdrawal of sex hormone exposure |
Agonist | Structural Change a | Potency b | Formulation | Dose |
---|---|---|---|---|
Goserelin | D-Ser(tBu)/AzaGly | 100 | Monthly | 3.6 mg/28 days |
Quarterly | 10.8 mg/90 days | |||
Histrelin | D-His(Bzl)/N-ethylamide | 210 | Implant | 50 mg/12 months |
Leuprorelin | D-Leu/N-ethylamide | 20 | Monthly | 3.75/7.5 mg/28 days |
Quarterly | 11.25 mg/90 days | |||
Half-year | 45.0 mg/180 days | |||
Triptorelin | D-Trp/— | 35 | Monthly | 3.75 mg/28 days |
Quarterly | 11.25 mg/90 days | |||
Half year | 22.5 mg/180 days |
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Mucaria, C.; Tyutyusheva, N.; Baroncelli, G.I.; Peroni, D.; Bertelloni, S. Central Precocious Puberty in Boys and Girls: Similarities and Differences. Sexes 2021, 2, 119-131. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010010
Mucaria C, Tyutyusheva N, Baroncelli GI, Peroni D, Bertelloni S. Central Precocious Puberty in Boys and Girls: Similarities and Differences. Sexes. 2021; 2(1):119-131. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleMucaria, Cristina, Nina Tyutyusheva, Giampiero I. Baroncelli, Diego Peroni, and Silvano Bertelloni. 2021. "Central Precocious Puberty in Boys and Girls: Similarities and Differences" Sexes 2, no. 1: 119-131. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010010