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Article

An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices

by
Piergiorgio Antonini
1,
Massimo Benettoni
2,
Armando F. Borghesani
2,3,4,
Caterina Braggio
2,4,
Roberto Calabrese
5,6,
Giovanni Carugno
2,7,
Federico Chiossi
8,
Ugo Gasparini
2,4,
Franco Gonella
2,
Marco Guarise
5,6,
Alen Khanbekyan
9,10,
Alessandro Lippi
5,6,
Augusto Lombardi
1,
Emilio Mariotti
9,10,
Madiha M. Makhdoom
2,4,
Giuseppe Messineo
2,7,*,
Jacopo Pazzini
2,4,11,12,
Giuseppe Ruoso
1,
Luca Tomassetti
5,6 and
Marco Zanetti
2,4
1
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
2
Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
3
CNISM Unit, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
4
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
5
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
6
Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
7
National Quantum Science and Technology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy
8
Institut de Recherche de Chimie, 75231 Paris, France
9
Department of Physical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
10
Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
11
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
12
Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Instruments 2025, 9(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016
Submission received: 27 April 2025 / Revised: 19 June 2025 / Accepted: 25 June 2025 / Published: 29 June 2025
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Abstract

We present an experimental apparatus to investigate electron transport and thermalization in cryogenic para-hydrogen crystal matrices. This paper describes the techniques used to grow and characterize the cryogenic para-hydrogen crystals, the optical system employed to photoextract electrons, and the charge collection system used to study the behavior of electrons within the solid matrix. By probing the fundamental charge transport and energy loss processes in a quantum solid, such as para-hydrogen, this study paves the way for future precision experiments that leverage the unique properties of cryogenic crystal matrices.
Keywords: para-hydrogen; electron thermalization length; matrix isolation; cryogenic crystals para-hydrogen; electron thermalization length; matrix isolation; cryogenic crystals

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MDPI and ACS Style

Antonini, P.; Benettoni, M.; Borghesani, A.F.; Braggio, C.; Calabrese, R.; Carugno, G.; Chiossi, F.; Gasparini, U.; Gonella, F.; Guarise, M.; et al. An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices. Instruments 2025, 9, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016

AMA Style

Antonini P, Benettoni M, Borghesani AF, Braggio C, Calabrese R, Carugno G, Chiossi F, Gasparini U, Gonella F, Guarise M, et al. An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices. Instruments. 2025; 9(3):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonini, Piergiorgio, Massimo Benettoni, Armando F. Borghesani, Caterina Braggio, Roberto Calabrese, Giovanni Carugno, Federico Chiossi, Ugo Gasparini, Franco Gonella, Marco Guarise, and et al. 2025. "An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices" Instruments 9, no. 3: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016

APA Style

Antonini, P., Benettoni, M., Borghesani, A. F., Braggio, C., Calabrese, R., Carugno, G., Chiossi, F., Gasparini, U., Gonella, F., Guarise, M., Khanbekyan, A., Lippi, A., Lombardi, A., Mariotti, E., Makhdoom, M. M., Messineo, G., Pazzini, J., Ruoso, G., Tomassetti, L., & Zanetti, M. (2025). An Experimental Setup to Study Electron Transport and Thermalization in Cryogenic Para-Hydrogen Crystal Matrices. Instruments, 9(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9030016

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