Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Range of Probiotic Administration through Water
3. Benefits of Probiotic Administration through Water
3.1. Improvement of Water Quality
3.2. Inhibitory Activity against Fish Pathogens
3.2.1. Improvement of Non-Specific Defense in Marine Fish Larvae
3.2.2. Treatment of Fungal Infections
3.2.3. Improving the Substrate Spawners Aquaculture
4. The Major Factors Regulating the Benefits of this Administration Method
4.1. Temperature
4.2. Treatment Dose
4.3. Inoculation Times
4.4. Age of Treated Fishes
4.5. Salinity
5. Research Gaps and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Probiotics | Biological Model | Concentration | Fish Density, Age, Average Weight | Inoculation Times | Contact Duration | Major Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lactobacillus plantarum (later classified as Carnobacterium divergens) | Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) | 105 CFU mL−1 | 5 dph | - | 9 days | Strain colonization Decreased opportunistic bacteria | [24] |
Vibrio pelagius | Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) | 4 × 105 bacteria mL−1 | 0 dph | - | 14 days | Influenced gut microbiota | [31] |
V. pelagius and Aeromonas caviae | Turbot | 105 bacteria mL−1 | 2–8 dph | - | 16 days | Colonization of probiotic bacteria in the group received the bacteria at earlier days. Increased survival in group received V. pelagius | [32] |
C. divergens and V. pelagius | Turbot | 105 bacteria mL−1 | 0 dph | 15 days | Higher colonization of V. pelagius. No significant difference in survival | [33] | |
Enterococcus faecium ZJ4 (isolated from intestinal tract of piglet) | Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | 107 CFU mL−1 | 30 fishes (with average weight 6.83 ± 0.18 g) per aquarium | Every 4 days | 40 days | Significantly higher final weight, DWG, complement component 3 content, MPO activity and RBA of blood phagocytes in group treated with probiotic (p < 0.05). No significant difference in total serum protein, albumin and globulin concentration and lysozyme activity between treated group and control | [43] |
Pseudomonas sp. (isolate GP21) isolated from the intestine of Atlantic cod | Atlantic cod | 3.8 × 108 CFU mL−1 | 8 fishes (with average weight 150 g) per tank | - | 1 h | Downregulated defb expression in gills and upregulated defb expression in skin after treatment with probiotic | [44] |
Commercial probiotic Fishery Prime™ (Keeton Industries, Wellington, CO, USA) | Perca flavescens | 5 g to each 100 L tank | 30 fishes (with average weight 6.17 ± 2.27 g) per tank | Every day | 6 weeks | Significantly higher weight gain (p < 0.05) and higher levels of GH and IGF-I transcription in group treated with probiotic | [45] |
Paenibacillus polymyxa | Cyprinus carpio | 103, 104 and 105 CFU mL−1 | 20 fishes (with average weight 23.17 g) per tank | 3 times a week | 8 weeks | Significantly improved survival, lysozyme activity, MPO content, RBA, catalase and superoxidase dismutase activity and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in groups treated with probiotic (p < 0.05) | [46] |
Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 | Asian catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) | 105 and 107 CFU mL−1 | 12 fishes (with average weight 15 ± 2.5 g) per group | - | 24 days | Significantly higher weight gain, survival (with no mortality during contact time), RBA, GST activity, total glutathione activity (p < 0.05) and higher MPO and lysozyme activity in group treated with probiotic. No significant difference in ACH50 and GR in group treated with probiotic | [25] |
Vibrio lentus | Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | 106 CFU mL−1 | 12 larvae (4, 6 and 8 dph) inoculated via immersion in well plate | - | - | Significantly modified gene expression (i.e., immune response, cell proliferation and death, cell adhesion, ROS metabolism and iron transport (p < 0.05). No significant differences in apoptotic and cell proliferative indexes | [47] |
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Jahangiri, L.; Esteban, M.Á. Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: A Review. Fishes 2018, 3, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030033
Jahangiri L, Esteban MÁ. Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: A Review. Fishes. 2018; 3(3):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030033
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahangiri, Ladan, and María Ángeles Esteban. 2018. "Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: A Review" Fishes 3, no. 3: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030033