Utilising the ‘Getting to Outcomes®’ Framework in Community Engagement for Development and Implementation of Sickle Cell Disease Newborn Screening in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Objectives of a SCD Programme
- Early detection and reduction of SCD in our communities
- To offer subsidised testing and treatment
- To minimize the cost of treatment and maintenance
- Reduce psychological and emotional trauma amongst family members
- To reduce the financial drain on the families of SCD patients
- Increase awareness of SCD most especially in the rural areas
- Improve the health status of SCD patients
- Eradicate stigma
- Healthy communities to function better
- Accurate data to inform policy makers in improved planning
- Give hope to patients with SCD to live normal fulfilled lives
- Improve standard of diagnosis to rule out confusion
- Increase the life expectancy of patients and eradication of SCD
- Reduce morbidity and mortality
3.2. Perceptions about NBS
- Early diagnosis and administering Penicillin improve on the patient’s life expectancy
- Strong perception about SCD not having a cure affects the minds of families
- Poverty and financial constraint hinder families from accessing NBS
- Myths and traditional beliefs about SCD being associated with witchcraft creates an obstacle to NBS
- Most SCD babies not tested at birth end up dying from malaria even before SCD is detected
3.3. Implementation of NBS
- The early diagnosis should be at primary, secondary and tertiary health care centres
- Parents of affected children should be confidentially informed of the implication of SCD and how to prepare for the child’s welfare
- World Sickle Cell Day should be emphasised with adequate publicity
- Screening, diagnosis, counselling and service delivery should be inter faced
- Blood samples should be taken at birth and in post-natal clinics
- Incentivising the process by giving out souvenirs
- NBS should be free and patients be given free or subsidized medication
- The Government should give SCD a priority
3.4. Why We Need a NBS Programme
- To create the opportunity for effective management of SCD
- To inform the community on the importance of screening
- To inform parents on how to prepare for the child’s welfare
- Early detection will make the government have up to date data on SCD for adequate planning
- To increase the chances of controlling the disease
- To help in reducing stigma and disabuse the perception of the community
- To properly manage patients and parents
3.5. Best Practices to Adopt
- Community based approach by involving Volunteer Community Mobilisers (VCMs) and Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs)
- Facility based approach
- Utilising media to disseminate information through drama on radio and television
- Incorporate the importance of NBS during antenatal health talks
- Involve community and religious organizations for sensitization campaigns like in the case of the “child spacing” campaigns
- Development partners, NGOs and media collaboration to expand
- More Sickle cell centres should be made available, accessible and affordable
- Social networks should be utilized for campaigns of SCD
- Train existing staff and employ additional qualified staff to run the centres
- Compulsory routine testing at birth
- Build linkages between the community and health care facilities
3.6. Resources and Capacity Building Needed
- Train TBAs to use simple testing for NBS
- Train Village Community Mobilisers
- Train existing staff and employ additional qualified professionals
- Existing health facilities should be equipped
- Build on existing HIV infrastructure
- Technical and financial support from development partners, and charitable organizations
- Continuous advocacy for dissemination of the facts about SCD
- Newborn testing should be available, accessible and affordable
3.7. How to Evaluate the Success of the Programme
- Using existing data to plan
- Correct and appropriate documentation is essential for evaluation
- Continuous monitoring of the programme
- Training and re-training of personnel
4. Discussion
5. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Institution or Participant | Number |
---|---|
Adult with Sickle Cell Disease | 2 |
Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital–Zaria | 4 |
Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital School of Nursing–Zaria | 1 |
Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital–Kaduna | 8 |
Fantsuam Foundation–Kafanchan | 3 |
Gambo Sawaba Memorial Hospital–Zaria | 1 |
Federal Ministry of Finance–Abuja (Independent Participant) | 1 |
Kaduna State Primary Healthcare Development Agency | 2 |
Media Representatives | 2 |
Mil-Goma Community Leaders–Zazzau Emirate | 2 |
Niger State Government–(Jumai Babangida Aliyu Maternal and Neonatal Hospital) Minna, Niger State | 5 |
Panaf Schools–Kaduna | 2 |
Parent of a Child/Children with Sickle Cell Disease | 3 |
Rahma Integrated Sickle Cell Research Centre–Kaduna | 1 |
Safiya Sickle Cell Foundation Zaria–Kaduna and Abuja | 3 |
Samira Sanusi Sickle Cell Foundation–Kaduna | 4 |
Sickle Cell Health Promotion Centre–Kaduna | 2 |
Sir Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa Hospital–Kafanchan | 4 |
Kaduna State House of Assembly | 1 |
Kaduna State Ministry of Health and Human Services | 1 |
Parent of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Child | Community Health Worker | Health Centre Doctor | Health System Hospital Administrator | Laboratory Technician | Patient Organisation Representative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1: Needs & Resources | Early diagnosis & pre-marital counselling | Early awareness of SCD status | Early diagnosis & lack of treatment facilities | Innovative utilisation of resources | Equipment, reagents & quality assurance | Use of media for public awareness |
Step 2: Goals & Objectives | Knowledge of diagnosis and access to treatment | Address ignorance, stigma & beliefs | Early detection of SCD and provision of medical care | Equity on service provision for SCD similar to HIV | To eliminate errors in diagnosis | Public perception about SCD |
Step 3: Best Practices | Immunisation programme which is accessible | Strong educational elements of family planning campaign | HIV/AIDS programme structure & funding | Low cost intervention that is affordable | Reduce false positives & false negatives results | SCD education for families & general public |
Step 4: Programme Fit for NBS | Testing during other clinics such as immunisation | Community worker leadership important | Primary health care system to reach local communities | Combine with other dried blood sample testing | Staff trained for IEF a & would like skills in HPLC b in addition | Encourage community participation |
Step 5: Capacity for NBS | Staff must be competent | Partnership with community | Shortages of staff, medicines & development of skills | Limited resources, 3 tiers of government & community participation | Reagents supply, storage & inventory | Public engagement and sensitisation |
Step 6: NBS Implementation Plan | Provide medicines & access to staff | Counselling, treatment for patients & families | Health status, treatment, tracking & follow up | Need to know SCD burden, resource implication | Clear standard operating procedures | Address myths & stigma |
Step 7: Evaluation for NBS | Is my baby growing well? | Reporting outcome of babies visiting the SCD centre, verbal autopsies | Diagnosed babies receiving penicillin & attending SCD clinic | Infant & childhood mortality, immunisation coverage | Monthly & quarterly arranged Quality Assurance | Parliamentary oversight & reports to constituents. |
Step 8: NBS Outcome Evaluation | Knowledgeable staff & a Sickle Cell Centre | Number of patients accessing counselling services | Percentage of diagnosed babies with SCD, penicillin prophylaxis | Survival for SCD children at 1, 5 &10 years of age | Accurate & timeliness of laboratory results | A sickle cell centre for Kaduna state |
Step 9: Continuous Quality Improvement | Parent support & input in care | Education & step-down training | Teleconference discussion on NBS programme results & troubleshooting | Continuous assessment & Peer Review Systems | Weekly quality reports on results, timeliness & errors | Sensitise general public, religious & community leaders |
Step 10: Sustainability of NBS Programme | Not limited to a state governor’s term in office | Involve all sectors of health care | Multidisciplinary team, government support | Involvement of all parties | Train personnel for additional laboratory procedures | Educate to accept responsibility of both men & women |
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Share and Cite
Inusa, B.P.D.; Anie, K.A.; Lamont, A.; Dogara, L.G.; Ojo, B.; Ijei, I.; Atoyebi, W.; Gwani, L.; Gani, E.; Hsu, L. Utilising the ‘Getting to Outcomes®’ Framework in Community Engagement for Development and Implementation of Sickle Cell Disease Newborn Screening in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2018, 4, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns4040033
Inusa BPD, Anie KA, Lamont A, Dogara LG, Ojo B, Ijei I, Atoyebi W, Gwani L, Gani E, Hsu L. Utilising the ‘Getting to Outcomes®’ Framework in Community Engagement for Development and Implementation of Sickle Cell Disease Newborn Screening in Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Neonatal Screening. 2018; 4(4):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns4040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleInusa, Baba P.D., Kofi A. Anie, Andrea Lamont, Livingstone G. Dogara, Bola Ojo, Ifeoma Ijei, Wale Atoyebi, Larai Gwani, Esther Gani, and Lewis Hsu. 2018. "Utilising the ‘Getting to Outcomes®’ Framework in Community Engagement for Development and Implementation of Sickle Cell Disease Newborn Screening in Kaduna State, Nigeria" International Journal of Neonatal Screening 4, no. 4: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns4040033