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Article

Basal Ganglia Iron Content Increases with Glioma Severity Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: A Potential Biomarker of Tumor Severity

by
Thomas P. Reith
1,
Melissa A. Prah
1,
Eun-Jung Choi
2,
Jongho Lee
2,
Robert Wujek
3,
Mona Al-Gizawiy
1,
Christopher R. Chitambar
1,4,
Jennifer M. Connelly
5 and
Kathleen M. Schmainda
1,6,*
1
Medical College of Wisconsin, Biophysics, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
3
Medical College of Wisconsin, Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, 1515 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
4
Medical College of Wisconsin, Hematology & Oncology, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
5
Medical College of Wisconsin, Neurology & Neurosurgery, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
6
Medical College of Wisconsin, Radiology, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Tomography 2022, 8(2), 789-797; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020065
Submission received: 10 January 2022 / Revised: 25 February 2022 / Accepted: 8 March 2022 / Published: 15 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative Imaging Network)
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Abstract

Background and Purpose: Gliomas have been found to alter iron metabolism and transport in ways that result in an expansion of their intracellular iron compartments to support aggressive tumor growth. This study used deep neural network trained quantitative susceptibility mapping to assess basal ganglia iron concentrations in glioma patients. Materials and Methods: Ninety-two patients with brain lesions were initially enrolled in this study and fifty-nine met the inclusion criteria. Susceptibility-weighted images were collected at 3.0 T and used to construct quantitative susceptibility maps via a deep neural network-based method. The regions of interest were manually drawn within basal ganglia structures and the mean voxel intensities were extracted and averaged across multiple slices. One-way ANCOVA tests were conducted to compare the susceptibility values of groups of patients based on tumor grade while controlling for age, sex, and tumor type. Results: The mean basal ganglia susceptibility for patients with grade IV tumors was higher than that for patients with grade II tumors (p = 0.00153) and was also higher for patients with grade III tumors compared to patients with grade II tumors (p = 0.020), after controlling for age, sex, and tumor type. Patient age influenced susceptibility values (p = 0.00356), while sex (p = 0.69) and tumor type (p = 0.11) did not. Conclusions: The basal ganglia iron content increased with glioma severity. Basal ganglia iron levels may thus be a useful biomarker in glioma prognosis and treatment, especially with regard to iron-based cancer therapies.
Keywords: quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM); basal ganglia (BG); MRI; brain tumor iron; glioma quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM); basal ganglia (BG); MRI; brain tumor iron; glioma

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MDPI and ACS Style

Reith, T.P.; Prah, M.A.; Choi, E.-J.; Lee, J.; Wujek, R.; Al-Gizawiy, M.; Chitambar, C.R.; Connelly, J.M.; Schmainda, K.M. Basal Ganglia Iron Content Increases with Glioma Severity Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: A Potential Biomarker of Tumor Severity. Tomography 2022, 8, 789-797. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020065

AMA Style

Reith TP, Prah MA, Choi E-J, Lee J, Wujek R, Al-Gizawiy M, Chitambar CR, Connelly JM, Schmainda KM. Basal Ganglia Iron Content Increases with Glioma Severity Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: A Potential Biomarker of Tumor Severity. Tomography. 2022; 8(2):789-797. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reith, Thomas P., Melissa A. Prah, Eun-Jung Choi, Jongho Lee, Robert Wujek, Mona Al-Gizawiy, Christopher R. Chitambar, Jennifer M. Connelly, and Kathleen M. Schmainda. 2022. "Basal Ganglia Iron Content Increases with Glioma Severity Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: A Potential Biomarker of Tumor Severity" Tomography 8, no. 2: 789-797. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020065

APA Style

Reith, T. P., Prah, M. A., Choi, E.-J., Lee, J., Wujek, R., Al-Gizawiy, M., Chitambar, C. R., Connelly, J. M., & Schmainda, K. M. (2022). Basal Ganglia Iron Content Increases with Glioma Severity Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping: A Potential Biomarker of Tumor Severity. Tomography, 8(2), 789-797. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020065

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