Strategies for the Design and Construction of Nature-Inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Processing and Text Mining
2.3. Index Creation
3. Results
3.1. SCOPUS Search
3.2. VOS Viewer Analysis
3.3. Summary of Articles Findings
4. Discussion
4.1. SCOPUS-Indexed Publications
4.2. Commandments of Biomimicry and Laboratory Buildings
4.3. Biomimicry Life Principles and Laboratory Buildings
4.4. Living Building Challenge (LBC) and Laboratory Buildings
4.5. Comparative Overview of Biomimicry and LBC in Laboratory Buildings
4.6. Nature-Inspired and Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Building Assessment Index
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Authors | Year | Main Findings | Theme |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biophilia in the workplace: A pilot project for a living wall using an interactive parametric design approach [14] | Assem A.; Hassan D.K. | 2024 | This study explored how biophilic design, specifically integrating a living wall, can enhance workplace aesthetics and well-being. It employed a parametric design approach to optimize the integration process, focusing on creating varied green wall forms inspired by natural concepts. Interactive elements were incorporated to enhance user experience and perception of the living wall’s dynamics, aiming to create a versatile ambiance conducive to diverse workplace activities. Results indicated successful implementation of these design strategies, showcasing improved user engagement and functionality within workplace environments. | Biophilic Design and Living Building |
Conceptualization of Biomimicry in Engineering Context among Undergraduate and High School Students: An International Interdisciplinary Exploration [15] | Yeter I.H.; Tan V.S.Q.; Le Ferrand H. | 2023 | The study found that engineering students grasped the bottom-up approach of biomimetics more readily, using traditional engineering tools to apply biological knowledge for engineering solutions, while perceiving the top-down approach, which identifies technical problems and applies natural solutions, as vaguer. It suggests that combining both approaches in teaching biomimicry, along with hands-on learning, could effectively enhance student comprehension of these concepts. | Biomimicry |
Short-term effects of natural view and daylight from windows on thermal perception, health, and energy-saving potential [16] | Jiang Y.; Li N.; Yongga A.; Yan W. | 2022 | Visual windows enhanced thermal comfort, potentially reducing HVAC energy use; physiological measures were more sensitive than subjective questionnaires in assessing their impact on occupant health, indicating positive effects on well-being by alleviating symptoms of sick building syndrome and reducing stress and fatigue indicators. | Sustainable Building and Biophilic Design |
Clay 3D printing as a bio-design research tool: development of photosynthetic living building components [17] | Crawford A.; In-na P.; Caldwell G.; Armstrong R.; Bridgens B. | 2022 | The study utilized digital fabrication to embed living microalgae in ceramic building components, examining how design factors like geometry and firing temperature affect algae growth. It highlighted the importance of managing evaporation and moisture levels for optimal performance and proposed digital manufacturing as a method to develop viable, integrated systems for living building applications. | Living Building |
Photosynthetic textile biocomposites: Using laboratory testing and digital fabrication to develop flexible living building materials [18] | Stefanova A.; In-Na P.; Caldwell G.S.; Bridgens B.; Armstrong R. | 2021 | The study explored the development of 3D-printed biocomposites containing the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, which can be integrated into building materials to help sequester CO2, demonstrating their effectiveness in supporting algae growth despite occasional challenges in cell distribution and fluctuations. Kappa-carrageenan, full-strength BG11 nutrient medium, and Auro Clay Paint were promising when used with cotton and polyester textiles, despite occasional cell distribution challenges and fluctuations. | Living Building |
The impact of a view from a window on thermal comfort, emotion, and cognitive performance [19] | Ko W.H.; Schiavon S.; Zhang H.; Graham L.T.; Brager G.; Mauss I.; Lin Y.-W. | 2020 | The study discovered that providing office occupants with a window view resulted in slight yet noteworthy enhancements in their thermal comfort, positive emotions, and specific cognitive functions such as working memory and concentration, in comparison to those in windowless environments. Having a window could potentially contribute to energy savings as it makes occupants more tolerant of minor thermal comfort variations. Windows were also found to boost occupants’ psychological well-being by amplifying positive emotions and minimizing negative ones. | Biophilic Design |
Building on the inherent strengths of green space environments: Promoting trust, democracy, and resilience among ethnically diverse groups [20] | Hoffman A. | 2020 | This quasi-experimental study explored how participating in community service activities within green space environments, such as community gardens and urban forestry programs, influenced individuals’ perceptions of community service-learning programs and democratic processes associated with green space development. Sixteen volunteers shared their subjective experiences, noting increased appreciation for living things, a stronger connection with plants and animals, and a heightened sense of belonging to nature. Interviews highlighted how exposure to these environments shaped participants’ views on the importance of nature in urban settings and their personal sense of connection to both community and the natural world. | Biophilia |
Leed gold but not equal: Two case study buildings [21] | Baja F.D.F.; Bajracharya S.; Freeman M.A.; Gray A.J.; Haglund B.T.; Kuipers H.R.; Opatola O.R. | 2019 | The study aimed to resolve issues of glare, thermal discomfort, and excessive brightness in the Education building’s west- and south-facing study spaces due to highly reflective materials. Researchers proposed an integrated shading solution with vertical fins and elongated light shelves to mitigate direct sunlight and enhance visual and thermal comfort. Additionally, the paper compared two LEED Gold-rated buildings at the University of Idaho, highlighting varying ecological performance despite similar certifications, and offered recommendations to address comfort issues in the Education building. | Sustainable Building and Biophilic Design |
The R.W. Kern center as a living laboratory: Connecting campus sustainability goals with the educational mission at Hampshire college, Amherst, MA [22] | Cianfrani C.M.; Hews S.; Tor J.; Jewhurst J.J.; Shillington C.; Raymond M. | 2018 | The R.W. Kern Center at Hampshire College exemplified how sustainable design can educate future sustainability leaders, transforming the campus to prioritize pedestrians over cars and showcasing features like optimized building orientation, insulation, natural ventilation, and educational displays as a living laboratory for students. | Sustainable Building and Living Laboratory |
Modelling to drive design: Honing the SU + RE house through performance simulations [23] | May E. | 2018 | Digital simulation technologies transformed architectural design by enabling direct study and manipulation of energy, water, air, heat, and sound flows impacting building occupants. The SU + RE House exemplified this advancement, showcasing how integration of data and environmental analysis techniques could create genuinely sustainable and resilient buildings. Led by Ed May from Stevens Institute of Technology and BLDGtyp, the project marked a significant shift towards designing structures that prioritize environmental performance and occupant comfort | Biophilic Design |
Commandments of Biomimicry | Application to Laboratory Buildings |
---|---|
Use Waste as a Resource: | Design laboratories that incorporate waste-to-resource systems, utilizing lab waste for energy production or recycling materials within the facility. |
Diversify and Co-operate to Fully Use the Habitat: | Create laboratory environments that mimic the diversity and co-operation found in natural ecosystems. Design spaces that accommodate various research activities and encourage collaboration among scientists. |
Gather and Use Energy Efficiently: | Implement energy-efficient technologies and systems in laboratories, such as renewable energy sources, smart energy management, and energy recovery systems. |
Optimize Rather Than Maximize: | Focus on optimizing laboratory processes and spaces, avoiding excessive resource use and square footage. Prioritize efficiency and functionality over unnecessary expansion. |
Use Materials Sparingly: | Design laboratories with a focus on minimal material use, incorporating sustainable and low-impact materials. Prioritize durability and recyclability in material selection. |
Don’t Foul Their Nests: | Ensure that laboratory activities, waste disposal, and emissions are managed in an environmentally responsible manner, minimizing negative impacts on the surrounding ecosystem. |
Don’t Draw Down Resources: | Design laboratories with a commitment to sustainable resource management, avoiding the depletion of natural resources and promoting circular economy practices. |
Remain in Balance with the Biosphere: | Align laboratory design with the local ecosystem, considering factors like water usage, biodiversity, and ecological balance. Implement landscaping that supports local flora and fauna. |
Run on Information: | Incorporate smart technologies and information systems in laboratories for efficient data collection, analysis, and communication. Embrace data-driven decision making for sustainability. |
Shop Locally: | Source laboratory materials and equipment locally whenever possible to reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation. Support local businesses and contribute to the regional economy. |
Biomimicry Life Principles | Application to Laboratory Buildings |
---|---|
Evolve To Survive | Design labs to be adaptable and flexible to accommodate changing research needs, technologies, and environmental conditions. Utilize modular and adaptable infrastructure to facilitate future expansion and modifications. |
Replicate Strategies that Work | Emulate proven natural designs and processes to enhance lab functionality and efficiency. Implement biophilic design elements to improve occupant well-being and productivity. |
Integrate the Unexpected | Incorporate unexpected elements and unconventional approaches to foster innovation and creativity within the lab environment. Encourage cross-disciplinary collaboration and embrace serendipitous discoveries. |
Reshuffle Information | Analyze and utilize data effectively to optimize lab operations, resource management, and energy consumption. Implement smart sensors and control systems to gather real-time data and make informed decisions. |
Adapt To Changing Conditions | Design labs to respond to changing environmental conditions, such as fluctuating temperatures, sunlight intensity, and occupancy levels. Utilize passive design strategies to minimize energy consumption and ensure thermal comfort. |
Incorporate Diversity | Create diverse lab spaces that cater to different research needs and encourage collaboration among scientists. Foster a culture of inclusivity and diversity of thought to maximize the potential of the lab environment. |
Maintain Integrity through Self-Renewal | Design labs with self-healing and self-repairing mechanisms to minimize maintenance requirements and extend the lifespan of the building. Utilize renewable materials and sustainable practices to ensure long-term functionality. |
Embody Resilience | Design labs to withstand natural hazards, climate change, and other disruptions. Implement robust structural systems, redundant power sources, and disaster preparedness plans to ensure continuous operation. |
Be Locally Attuned and Responsive | Design labs to harmonize with the local climate, ecology, and cultural context. Utilize locally sourced materials, adapt to site conditions, and respect the surrounding environment. |
Leverage Cyclic Processes | Integrate cyclical processes, such as rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and natural ventilation, to reduce resource consumption and minimize environmental impact. |
Use Readily Available Materials and Energy | Utilize sustainable and locally sourced materials with low environmental impact. Prioritize renewable energy sources and optimize energy efficiency throughout the building. |
Use Feedback Loops | Implement feedback loops to continuously monitor and improve lab performance. Utilize data analytics to identify areas for optimization and implement corrective measures. |
Cultivate Cooperative Relationships | Encourage collaboration and knowledge sharing among lab users, researchers, and the surrounding community. Foster partnerships with local universities, research institutions, and businesses. |
Integrate Development with Growth | Design labs that can accommodate future growth and expansion without compromising sustainability or functionality. Utilize modular and adaptable infrastructure to facilitate seamless expansion. |
Self-Organize | Design labs with self-organizing capabilities, such as intelligent lighting systems and automated climate control, to optimize resource utilization and occupant comfort. |
Build from the Bottom Up | Adopt a bottom-up approach to lab design, involving users, researchers, and community members in the planning and decision-making process. |
Combine Modular and Nested Components | Utilize modular and nested components to create flexible and adaptable lab spaces that can be easily reconfigured and expanded as needs evolve. |
Be Resource Efficient (Material and Energy) | Minimize material consumption and energy use throughout the design, construction, and operation of the lab.Implement sustainable practices and prioritize renewable energy sources. |
Use Low Energy Processes | Utilize low-energy processes and technologies to minimize the environmental impact of lab operations. Employ energy-efficient equipment, appliances, and HVAC systems. |
Use Multi-Functional Design | Design lab spaces with multi-functional capabilities to reduce the need for additional infrastructure and maximize resource utilization. |
Recycle All Materials | Implement comprehensive recycling and waste management strategies to divert materials from landfills and promote circularity. Utilize waste streams as energy sources whenever possible. |
Fit Form to Function | Design lab spaces that prioritize functionality and efficiency over unnecessary aesthetics. Follow biophilic design principles to create a harmonious and stimulating environment. |
Use Life-friendly Chemistry | Implement green chemistry principles to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals and promote sustainable alternatives. Utilize nontoxic and biodegradable materials whenever possible. |
Break Down Products into Benign Constituents | Design products and processes that break down into benign constituents at the end of their lifecycle, minimizing environmental impact. |
Build Selectively with a Small Subset of Elements | Utilize a limited number of well-understood and sustainable materials to reduce complexity and facilitate recycling and reuse. |
Do Chemistry in Water | Implement water-based chemistry whenever possible to minimize the use of harmful solvents and reduce environmental impact. Utilize water as a reaction medium and solvent. |
Living Building Challenge | Application to Laboratories | Impact on Laboratories | |
---|---|---|---|
Petal | Imperative | ||
Place | Limits to Growth Place | Design laboratories that respect ecological limits, considering local ecosystems, biodiversity, and resource availability. | Ensures the laboratory’s impact aligns with the natural capacity of the surrounding environment. |
Urban
Agriculture | Incorporate green spaces and possibly rooftop gardens to promote urban agriculture within the laboratory setting. | Enhances the laboratory’s connection to nature, provides greenery for researchers, and contributes to local food production. | |
Habitat
Exchange | Implement measures to enhance and protect local ecosystems, possibly through partnerships with conservation organizations. | Demonstrates a commitment to preserving and enhancing the natural habitats surrounding the laboratory. | |
Human-Powered Living | Promote alternative transportation methods, such as cycling or walking, and design spaces that encourage physical activity. | Aligns with a nature-inspired approach by encouraging a healthy and active lifestyle for laboratory occupants. | |
Water |
Net Positive
Water | Design water-efficient laboratories with water capture and reuse systems, ensuring a positive impact on the local water balance. | Demonstrates responsibility in water usage, mirroring natural systems’ efficiency. |
Energy |
Net Positive
Energy | Implement renewable energy sources and energy-efficient design to achieve net-positive energy consumption. | Aligns with the sustainability aspect of a nature-inspired approach by reducing energy demand. |
Health and Happiness |
Civilized
Environment | Design laboratories with a focus on promoting social well-being, comfort, and a sense of community. | Creates a workspace that aligns with the harmonious and civilized aspects of nature. |
Healthy
Interior Environment | Prioritize air quality, lighting, and acoustics to create a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. | Ensures researchers work in spaces that support their well-being, similar to the health-promoting aspects of nature. | |
Biophilic
Environment | Integrate nature-inspired design elements, such as natural light, greenery, and biomimicry, to create a biophilic laboratory. | Enhances the connection between researchers and the natural world, fostering a positive and inspired work environment. | |
Materials | Red List | Avoid the use of materials on the Red List, prioritizing healthier and environmentally responsible choices. | Aligns with the nature-inspired principle of using materials in harmony with the environment. |
Embodied
Carbon Footprint | Minimize the embodied carbon footprint of construction materials, choosing low-impact options. | Reflects a commitment to reducing the overall carbon impact, aligning with sustainable practices found in nature. | |
Responsible
Industry | Source materials from responsible and sustainable suppliers and promote ethical practices within the laboratory. | Demonstrates a commitment to responsible and sustainable industry practices. | |
Living Economy Sourcing | Support local economies and choose materials and services that contribute to a living economy. | Aligns with the nature-inspired principle of interconnectedness and community support. | |
Net Positive Waste | Minimize waste generation and implement recycling and composting systems to achieve net-positive waste. | Mirrors the efficiency and waste reduction found in natural ecosystems. | |
Equity | Human Scale and Humane Places | Design laboratories with a human-centric approach, focusing on comfort, accessibility, and a sense of place. | Aligns with the nature-inspired principle of creating spaces that resonate with human well-being. |
Universal Access to Nature and Place | Ensure that all laboratory occupants have access to natural elements, whether through views, green spaces, or biophilic design. | Fosters inclusivity and promotes a connection to nature for everyone in the laboratory. | |
Equitable
Investment | Prioritize equitable investment in laboratory facilities, ensuring fair distribution of resources and benefits. | Reflects a commitment to fairness and equity, similar to the balanced relationships in nature. | |
Just
Organization | Implement just and equitable policies within the laboratory organization, considering the well-being and fairness of all occupants. | Creates a work environment that aligns with the principles of justice found in nature. | |
Beauty |
Beauty
and Spirit | Design laboratories with aesthetic appeal, incorporating natural elements and inspiring spaces. | Aligns with the beauty and inspiration found in the natural world. |
Inspiration and Education | Design spaces that inspire creativity and provide educational opportunities for researchers and visitors. | Creates a laboratory environment that encourages learning and innovation, mirroring the inspiration found in nature. |
Biomimicry Principle | Living Building Challenge | Similarities | Difference | Application to Laboratories |
---|---|---|---|---|
Petal: Imperative | ||||
Use Waste as a Resource | Materials: Net Positive Waste | Both emphasize minimizing waste generation and finding valuable uses for waste materials. | Biomimicry emphasizes emulating nature’s ability to transform waste into valuable resources, while the Living Building Challenge focuses on quantifying waste reduction and diversion. | Implement composting systems, establish waste segregation and recycling programs, and explore opportunities to reuse or repurpose lab materials. |
Diversify and Cooperate to Fully Use the Habitat | Place: Ecology of Place | Both emphasize creating diverse and interconnected ecosystems that support a variety of life. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s complex ecosystems, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes restoring and enhancing biodiversity on the lab site. | Integrate native landscaping, create habitats for wildlife, and promote interactions between different species within the lab’s environment. |
Gather and Use Energy Efficiently | Energy: Net Positive Energy | Both emphasize reducing energy consumption and utilizing renewable energy sources. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s ability to harness energy efficiently from natural sources, while the Living Building Challenge focuses on quantifying energy production and consumption. | Implement energy-efficient appliances and lighting, optimize HVAC systems, and utilize renewable energy sources such as solar panels or geothermal systems. |
Optimize Rather Than Maximize | Materials: Responsible Materials | Both emphasize using materials efficiently and responsibly. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s ability to achieve functionality with minimal material use, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes using nontoxic, renewable, and locally sourced materials. | Select materials with low environmental impact, prioritize reusable and recyclable materials, and minimize material consumption throughout the lab’s design and construction. |
Use Materials Sparingly | Materials: Red List | Both emphasize minimizing the use of harmful materials and reducing the environmental impact of materials. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s use of nontoxic and biodegradable materials, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes avoiding red list materials and quantifying embodied carbon emissions. | Eliminate the use of hazardous materials, prioritize sustainable and bio-based alternatives, and consider the lifecycle impact of materials. |
Don’t Foul Their Nests | Health & Happiness: Healthy Interior Environment | Both emphasize creating healthy and nontoxic environments. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s ability to create clean and healthy ecosystems, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes minimizing exposure to harmful pollutants and optimizing indoor air quality. | Prioritize natural materials with low off-gassing potential, ensure adequate ventilation, and implement air filtration systems to maintain a healthy indoor environment. |
Don’t Draw Down Resources | Place: Limits to Growth Place | Both emphasize living within ecological limits and respecting natural resources. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s ability to operate within resource constraints, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes minimizing the lab’s impact on local ecosystems and resources. | Employ water-efficient fixtures, implement rainwater harvesting systems, and reduce reliance on nonrenewable resources. |
Remain in Balance with the Biosphere | Place: Habitat Exchange | Both emphasize maintaining a balance with the natural world. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s ability to maintain equilibrium and resilience, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes restoring and enhancing biodiversity. | Integrate biophilic design elements, create habitats for wildlife, and promote sustainable practices that minimize the lab’s impact on the surrounding environment. |
Run on Information | Beauty: Education + Inspiration | Both emphasize the importance of knowledge and learning. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s ability to gather and process information, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes creating a culture of learning and innovation. | Foster a culture of knowledge sharing, encourage interdisciplinary collaboration, and incorporate educational elements into the lab’s design and operation. |
Shop Locally | Materials: Living Economy Sourcing | Both emphasize supporting local communities and economies. | Biomimicry focuses on emulating nature’s interconnectedness and reliance on local resources, while the Living Building Challenge emphasizes sourcing materials and equipment from local businesses. | Prioritize locally sourced materials and equipment, support local businesses, and engage with the local community throughout the lab’s development and operation. |
Index Theme | LBC Petal | Analogy | Connection |
---|---|---|---|
Foundation and Structure | Place | Skeletal and Muscular Systems | A strong foundation and musculoskeletal system provide support and stability, just as a well-designed site and building envelope are crucial for a building. |
Hydration and Flow | Water | Circulatory System | The circulatory system efficiently transports water and nutrients throughout the body, similar to how a water-positive building manages and utilizes water resources. |
Energy and Power | Energy | Metabolic System | The metabolic system converts food into energy, mirroring a building’s ability to generate and utilize renewable energy. |
Wellbeing and Resilience | Health and Happiness | Nervous and Immune Systems | The nervous and immune systems ensure overall health and adaptation, just as a healthy building environment promotes occupant well-being and resilience. |
Skin and Breath | Materials | Integumentary System (Skin) and Respiratory System | The skin protects us from the environment, and the respiratory system facilitates healthy air exchange, analogous to how a building’s materials and ventilation systems manage internal and external interactions. |
Balance and Harmony | Equity | Endocrine System | The endocrine system regulates various bodily functions. Similarly, the LBC’s equity petal promotes social justice and creates a balanced and equitable environment for all. |
Senses and Inspiration | Beauty and Spirit | Sensory System and Central Nervous System | The sensory system and central nervous system allow us to perceive and experience the world, similar to how a building’s aesthetics and functionality can inspire and uplift its occupants. |
Operation Center | Integration of all petals | Human Brain | The human body integrates all its different systems that are controlled by the brain, while the LBC relies on the collective results of all its petals to control its overall performance and become a regenerative self-sustained building. |
Index Theme | LBC Petal | Aligned Biomimicry Principles |
---|---|---|
Foundation and Structure | Focuses on minimizing site disturbance, restoring ecological functions, and integrating biomimicry strategies for sustainable site management. | Reshuffle Information Build from the Bottom Up Combine Modular and Nested Components |
Hydration and Flow | Emphasizes achieving net positive water use through biomimicry-inspired water management strategies. | Leverage Cyclic Processes Use Feedback Loops |
Energy and Power | Focuses on achieving net positive energy through biomimicry-inspired renewable energy generation. | Use Low Energy Processes Leverage Cyclic Processes Integrate the Unexpected |
Wellbeing and Resilience | Integrates biophilic design principles inspired by nature to enhance occupant well-being and connection with the environment, while also fostering a beautiful and inspiring workspace. | Embody Resilience (variation and decentralization) Maintain Integrity through Self-Renewal Cultivate Co-operative Relationships |
Skin and Breath | Prioritizes minimizing environmental impact through sustainable material selection, biomimicry-inspired design features, and ensuring an accessible and inclusive environment for all users. | Recycle All Materials Use Multi-Functional Design Fit Form to Function Break Down Products into Benign Constituents Build Selectively with a Small Subset of Elements Do Chemistry in Water |
Balance and Harmony | Ensures the laboratory fosters a sense of community, collaboration, and a safe and healthy work environment. | Incorporate Diversity Cultivate Co-operative Relationships |
Senses and Inspiration | Combines biophilic design elements that appeal to the senses with biomimicry-inspired solutions to foster creativity, innovation, and a sense of connection with nature, and integrating the Living Lab concept to design the laboratory as a research platform for biomimicry and sustainable technologies, actively collecting and sharing data to advance the field. | Reshuffle Information Use Feedback Loops Self-Organize Build from the Bottom Up Combine Modular and Nested Components |
Operation Center | Brains and building control centers are both information hubs. While the brain processes senses and commands to control the body, the laboratory operation center analyzes sensor data (ex. temperature) to adjust lab systems for optimal performance. | Replicate Strategies that Work Adapt To Changing Conditions Use Feedback Loops Be Locally Attuned and Responsive Use Readily Available Materials and Energy Be Resource Efficient (Material and Energy) |
Theme | Dimension | Indicators | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Foundation & Structure (FD) | Site & Location (SL) | Sustainable Site Selection & Development | Minimal site disturbance with priority to refurbishment of old sites, brownfield redevelopment prioritization, or location near ancient site. | [31,32] |
Building Orientation | Well-oriented building and an envelope that is tightly sealed prevent unwanted heat transfer | [33] | ||
Habitat Creation | Rooftops, pollinator gardens, or green walls as habitats for native species mimicking natural ecosystems. | [31,32] | ||
Proximity to Public Transit | Availability of nearby bus station; main road access. | [34,35] | ||
Pedestrian Area | Designated walking area with minimal vehicular access. | [31] | ||
Nature-inspired Structures (NIS) | Nature-inspired Facades | Reactive facades resembling the mechanism of pinecone in responding to environmental stimuli (open and close); integrated solar panels into exterior façade resembling the lotus flower’s ability to absorb sunlight efficiently or integrated photobioreactors in building façade with microalgae (to reduce thermal loads with the absorption of radiation) | [36,37,38] | |
Nature-inspired Surrounding | Use of artwork showcasing biomimicry examples. | [39] | ||
Green Space Coverage | Maximize green space coverage ratio and promote plant canopies for shading and sheltering. Prioritize the use of native species to enhance biodiversity or use plants that provide shading. | [4,40] | ||
Access to Nature | Provide balconies, terraces, courtyards, or roof slopes for direct connection to nature. | [31,41] | ||
Hydration & Flow (HF) | Water Sourcing (WS) | Waste Water Treatment System | Greywater treatment housed on the grounds or local system affiliated with central treatment plant; can be inspired by mussel filtration. | [42,43] |
Seawater Desalination | Seawater desalination system housed on the grounds or local system affiliated with central desalination plant. | [31,44] | ||
Rain Water Capturing | Rainwater collection system. | [31,42,43] | ||
Dew & Condensate Capturing | Dew harvesting or condensation capture. | |||
Nature-based Water Systems | Biofiltration systems based on plants’ inherent ability to filter air or bioswales; wetlands or rain gardens mimicking natural filtration for stormwater management. | [45] | ||
Water Management (WM) | Water Use Optimization | Closed-loop systems in nature. | [46,47] | |
Water Efficient Practices | Low-flow fixtures and water-saving technologies (foot pedals) in laboratory sinks and equipment. | [48] | ||
Treated Wastewater Repurposing | Using treated wastewater for toilet flushing. | [42,43] | ||
Treated Grey Water Repurposing | Greywater reuse for irrigation. | |||
Energy & Power (EP) | Energy Generation (EG) | Renewable Energy | Solar or PV panels (mimicking photosynthesis) or wind turbines (inspired by bird wings) to generate net positive energy. | [49,50] |
Excess Energy Sharing | Excess renewable energy shared with the local grid. | [51,52] | ||
Passive Heating/Cooling | Natural ventilation or solar chimneys | [4,36] | ||
Energy Management (EM) | Equipment Load | Energy-efficient equipment selection and placement for minimized energy use throughout the lab’s lifespan | [48,53] | |
Energy Demand Optimization | Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) systems, LED lights, and automatic light control. | [36,54,55,56] | ||
Energy-efficient HVAC System | Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) or energy recovery ventilation (ERV) systems mimicking natural ventilation processes, or integrating PV panels with HVAC Systems. | [36,57] | ||
Energy-efficient Cold Storage | Optimization of cold storage units, including insulation levels and practices for reducing unnecessary cooling cycles. | [58,59] | ||
Energy-efficient Laboratory Equipment | Low-power microscopes, fume hoods with occupancy sensors, and autoclaves with heat recovery systems with certifications like ENERGY STAR or equivalent. | [60,61,62] | ||
Equipment Utilization | Practices like scheduling, shared use protocols, and right-sizing equipment for specific needs; equipment auction or swapping. | [48] | ||
Equipment Management | Smart Energy Management Systems or software and practices for regular maintenance and calibration of equipment to ensure optimal performance and efficiency. | [36,63,64] | ||
Energy Conservation | Energy conservation measures like charged batteries for equipment. | [43,63] | ||
Wellbeing & Resilience (WR) | Biophilic Design & Sensory Engagement (BDSE) | Visualizing Nature & Water | Maximize windows (floor-to-ceiling) with views of nature and calming water features. | [19,41,65,66,67] |
Natural light | Natural light patterns through strategically placed skylights and operable windows. | [31,68] | ||
Natural Sounds | Introduce natural sounds (e.g., water fountains or waterfalls and birdsong recordings). | [69,70,71] | ||
Quiet zones | Create designated quiet zones for focused work. | |||
Indoor planting | Utilize indoor plants with air-purifying properties and aromatic benefits (e.g., lavender and rosemary). | |||
Sustainable Cleaning | Avoid harsh chemical odors through sustainable cleaning practices and material selection. | [72,73,74] | ||
Natural Materials | Incorporate natural materials like wood and stone into the design for a connection with the natural world. | [75,76] | ||
Heating System | Floor heating system to maintain a constant laboratory temperature. | [49] | ||
Restorative Environment (RE) | Nature-inspired Ventilation | Ventilation inspiration by termite mounds or equivalent/alternative innovative approach. | [77,78] | |
Natural Forms & Patterns | Incorporation of natural forms and patterns for a harmonious space and features promoting human amusement and the rooting of culture, spirit, and place | [31] | ||
Shading Solution | Maximize the direct exposure of the solar rays to the glazing facades in the cooling season and minimize the same gains in the heating season. | [36] | ||
Sustainable Materials & Finishes | Low-VOC paints, sealants, and adhesives to minimize indoor air pollution. | [79,80] | ||
Skin & Breath (SB) | Materials & Assets (MA) | Building Material | Use of thermal mass materials that passively absorb and radiate heat | [81] |
Building Envelope | Lightweight building envelope structures with good insulation, high light penetration, and diffusion. | [36,82] | ||
Prohibited Materials | Avoidance of materials on the LBC Red List. | [31] | ||
Low-impact Material | Durable and comfortable furniture (e.g., bamboo), mushroom-based packaging for lab supplies, and materials with little maintenance. | [31] | ||
Recycled Material | Durable and reusable labware made from recycled materials whenever possible. | [83,84] | ||
Biobased Material | Self-healing material that heals and patch up small cracks or composite binders (including waterproof and frost-resistant gypsum binders). | [85,86] | ||
Locally-sourced material | Use locally sourced wood, stone, or other natural building materials | [31] | ||
Nature-inspired Asset Design | Design of self-cleaning surfaces inspired by lotus leaves to minimize harsh chemicals. | [87] | ||
Waste Management (WM) | Internal Waste Segregation | Segregation of plastics, glass, paper, biohazard waste, chemical waste, laboratory wastewater, and grey water. | [48,88,89] | |
External Waste Segregation | Segregation to landfills or treatment facilities. | |||
Waste Recycling | Clean, repackage, and reuse non-sharp equipment. Recycling/composting bins or membership in recycling programs. | [48] | ||
Waste Minimization | Replace single-use plastics with sustainable alternatives like metal loops and reusable wooden sticks or use of bio-based consumables where possible. | [90] | ||
Waste Bioremediation | Utilize plants or microbes to break down pollutants in soil or water. | [91,92] | ||
Hazard Reduction | Use of less hazardous solvents whenever possible, prioritizing options with lower toxicity and environmental impact and solvent recycling. | [93,94] | ||
Balance & Harmony (BH) | Occupant & Public Engagement (OPE) | Universal Access Features | Accessible doors and smooth ramps for elderly and special needs. | [31,36] |
Interactive Laboratory Layout | Open floor plan with designated collaborative zones. | [31] | ||
Culturally inclusive Design Elements and Amenities | Prayer and Meditation Spaces, Lactation Rooms and Nurseries, General Food Court, Washrooms for users with special needs and elderly people, and Multilingual Signage/systems. | [31,68,95] | ||
Public Education & Awareness | Develop educational programs and tours for occupants and the public to showcase the lab’s sustainable features and biomimicry inspiration and integrate biomimicry and sustainability education into the research priorities. | [31,96,97] | ||
Safety & Security (SS) | Occupant Safety Programs | Implementation of a comprehensive laboratory safety program that prioritizes the well-being of lab users and minimizes environmental impact. | [98,99] | |
Building Safety Features | Proper ventilation systems for fume hoods, emergency eyewash stations, and clear signage for hazardous materials in the building. Gas and fire detectors. | [31,100,101,102] | ||
Occupant Safety Measures | Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | [103,104] | ||
Building Security Measures | Presence of surveillance camera and controlled door access; emergency exits. | [31] | ||
Continuous Building Operation | Presence of back-up energy generators. | [105] | ||
Senses & Inspiration (SI) | Living Laboratory (LL) | Real-Time Dashboards | Integrate real-time dashboards showcasing the lab’s environmental performance, including energy use, water consumption, waste generation through a design inspired by biomimicry’s focus on feedback loops and biophilic design’s connection with nature. | [106,107,108] |
Living Wall Research Platform | Design a living wall or vertical garden that serves as a research platform for studying plant-based air purification technologies and their effectiveness in laboratory settings. | [36] | ||
Data Collection & Sharing | Comprehensive data collection system to monitor energy use (motion sensors), water consumption, waste generation, and indoor air quality. | [106,109] | ||
Adaptive & Evolving Design | Growth & Expansion | Modular Construction or equivalent/alternative innovative approach. | [110,111,112] | |
Reconfiguration & Enhancement | Universal Lab Shell with adaptable Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) or equivalent/alternative innovative approach. | [113,114] | ||
Building Innovation | Emphasis on innovative design, construction, and operational practices that push the boundaries of sustainability in living laboratories, considering potential for advancements in energy-efficient laboratory equipment or closed-loop waste management systems within research activities (open category) | [115] | ||
Operation Center (OC) | Feedback Loop (FL) | Occupant Perception | Regular surveys to measure occupant awareness of building features and their significance. | [116,117] |
User Satisfaction | Regular surveys to measure level of satisfaction | [118] | ||
Logical Reasoning (LR) | Material Selection Criterion | Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): to evaluate the environmental impact of the bio-inspired materials or processes throughout their life cycle, considering factors like energy consumption, material extraction, and end-of-life disposal. | [119,120] | |
Asset Selection Criterion | Feasibility Study (FS) and/or Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) | [121,122] | ||
Awareness & Preparedness | Risk Assessment (RA) and Contingency plans | [123,124] | ||
Knowledge & Intellect Treasury (KIT) | Conceptual Record Preservation | Preservation of design plans, blueprints, and log records of construction process, including origins of nature-inspired ideas. | [125] | |
Data Preservation | Back-up servers for databases and archive of printed records | [126,127] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
AlAli, M.; Beheiry, S.; Atabay, S. Strategies for the Design and Construction of Nature-Inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Buildings. Biomimetics 2024, 9, 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070441
AlAli M, Beheiry S, Atabay S. Strategies for the Design and Construction of Nature-Inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Buildings. Biomimetics. 2024; 9(7):441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070441
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlAli, Mariam, Salwa Beheiry, and Serter Atabay. 2024. "Strategies for the Design and Construction of Nature-Inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Buildings" Biomimetics 9, no. 7: 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070441
APA StyleAlAli, M., Beheiry, S., & Atabay, S. (2024). Strategies for the Design and Construction of Nature-Inspired & Living Laboratory (NILL 1.0)TM Buildings. Biomimetics, 9(7), 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070441