Functional Grading of Mycelium Materials with Inorganic Particles: The Effect of Nanoclay on the Biological, Chemical and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Species
2.2. Materials
2.3. Preparation of Nanoclay-Coated Substrate
2.4. Particleboard Fabrication for Bending and Tensile Testing
2.5. Specimens for Compressive Testing
2.6. Substrate Inoculation for Growth Studies
2.7. Surface Colonisation Rate Measurements and Analysis
2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.9. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.10. Determination of Bending Behaviour
2.11. Determination of Tensile Behaviour Parallel to the Surface
2.12. Determination of Tensile Behaviour Perpendicular to the Surface
2.13. Determination of Compressive Behaviour
2.14. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mycelium Growth and Surface Colonisation
3.2. Morphological Analysis of Hyphae and Nanoclay
3.3. Spectral Response to Nanoclay Concentrations
3.4. Flexural Properties of Nanoclay-Mycelium Particleboards
3.5. Tensile Properties Parallel to the Surface
3.6. Tensile Properties Perpendicular to the Surface
3.7. Compressive Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Nanoclay-Mycelium Materials Meet the Requirements of Softboards for the Flexure Index
4.2. Heat-Pressing Is a Major Factor in Increasing Tensile Properties
4.3. Mycelium Composites Have a Low Internal Bond
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Label | Dry Density [kg/m3] | Flexural Strength [MPa] | Flexural Modulus [GPa] |
---|---|---|---|
NC-mycelium hemp composite | 426.98 ± 9.19 | 1.47 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.002 |
Mycelium hemp composite (control) | 488.89 ± 41.09 | 1.46 ± 0.48 | 0.22 ± 0.06 |
Label | Dry Density [kg/m3] | Ultimate Tensile Strength [MPa] | Specific Tensile Strength [kN·m/kg] | Elastic Modulus [GPa] | Specific Modulus [106 m2 s−2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC-mycelium hemp composite | 654.55 ± 24.39 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 0.95 ± 0.17 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.08 |
Mycelium hemp composite (control) | 980.67 ± 84.77 | 1.14 ± 0.13 | 1.15 ± 0.07 | 0.59 ± 0.15 | 0.61 ± 0.17 |
Label | Dry Density [kg/m3] | Ultimate Strength [MPa] | Specific Strength [kN·m/kg] | Elastic Modulus [GPa] | Specific Modulus [106 m2 s−2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC-mycelium | 340.85 ± 2.09 | 0.017 ± 0.006 | 0.049 ± 0.017 | 0.003 ± 0.000 | 0.009 ± 0.001 |
Control | 492.32 ± 45.40 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.01 ± 0.006 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.01 ± 0.0007 |
Label | Dry Density [kg/m3] | Compressive Strength [Mpa] | Corresponding Strain [%] | Young’s Modulus [Mpa] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1% NC-mycelium | 180.14 ± 0.01 | 0.12354 | 42.85 | 0.52 ± 0.02 |
2.5% NC-mycelium | 183.16 ± 0.08 | 0.12356 | 42.52 | 0.54 ± 0.02 |
3.5% NC-mycelium | 176.82 ± 0.02 | 0.11932 | 42.41 | 0.45 ± 0.01 |
5% NC-mycelium | 175.31 ± 0.02 | 0.12804 | 43.00 | 0.45 ± 0.01 |
Control | 172.34 ± 0.04 | 0.10715 | 43.50 | 0.34 ± 0.01 |
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Elsacker, E.; De Laet, L.; Peeters, E. Functional Grading of Mycelium Materials with Inorganic Particles: The Effect of Nanoclay on the Biological, Chemical and Mechanical Properties. Biomimetics 2022, 7, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020057
Elsacker E, De Laet L, Peeters E. Functional Grading of Mycelium Materials with Inorganic Particles: The Effect of Nanoclay on the Biological, Chemical and Mechanical Properties. Biomimetics. 2022; 7(2):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020057
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsacker, Elise, Lars De Laet, and Eveline Peeters. 2022. "Functional Grading of Mycelium Materials with Inorganic Particles: The Effect of Nanoclay on the Biological, Chemical and Mechanical Properties" Biomimetics 7, no. 2: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7020057