Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis among Schoolchildren in Japan and Its Associated Factors from 2006 to 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prefecture | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
All of Japan | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.3 |
Hokkaido | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
Aomori | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.0 |
Iwate | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.6 | NA | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.2 |
Miyagi | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 3.9 | NA | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 6.1 |
Akita | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
Yamagata | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.8 |
Fukushima | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | NA | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.6 |
Ibaraki | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.6 |
Tochigi | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.7 |
Gunma | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 |
Saitama | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 2.2 |
Chiba | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
Tokyo | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.5 |
Kanagawa | 3.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
Niigata | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.2 |
Toyama | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.5 |
Ishikawa | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
Fukui | 6.0 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.8 |
Yamanashi | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
Nagano | 2.9 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
Gifu | 3.6 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 |
Shizuoka | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
Aichi | 4.8 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 5.2 |
Mie | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.7 |
Shiga | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
Kyoto | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.8 |
Osaka | 3.5 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.8 |
Hyogo | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.5 |
Nara | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.4 |
Wakayama | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.2 |
Tottori | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
Shimane | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.7 |
Okayama | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 4.0 |
Hiroshima | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.9 |
Yamaguchi | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
Tokushima | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
Kagawa | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.8 |
Ehime | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.8 | NA | 2.3 | 2.1 |
Kochi | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.3 |
Fukuoka | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.0 |
Saga | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 |
Nagasaki | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.1 |
Kumamoto | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
Oita | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
Miyazaki | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
Kagoshima | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
Okinawa | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Year | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prefecture | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
All of Japan | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.8 |
Hokkaido | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 |
Aomori | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
Iwate | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 | NA | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.6 |
Miyagi | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.1 | NA | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 4.8 |
Akita | 3.1 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
Yamagata | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
Fukushima | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | NA | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
Ibaraki | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.0 |
Tochigi | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.3 |
Gunma | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
Saitama | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.8 |
Chiba | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
Tokyo | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Kanagawa | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.8 |
Niigata | 4.1 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.4 |
Toyama | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 |
Ishikawa | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.9 |
Fukui | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
Yamanashi | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.3 |
Nagano | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
Gifu | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
Shizuoka | 3.6 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.6 |
Aichi | 4.6 | 5.3 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.6 |
Mie | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.7 |
Shiga | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
Kyoto | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 4.2 |
Osaka | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
Hyogo | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
Nara | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.0 |
Wakayama | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
Tottori | 6.7 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 |
Shimane | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 |
Okayama | 2.6 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.5 |
Hiroshima | 3.7 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.1 |
Yamaguchi | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 2.1 |
Tokushima | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
Kagawa | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Ehime | 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Kochi | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
Fukuoka | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.6 |
Saga | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Nagasaki | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.8 |
Kumamoto | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Oita | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 |
Miyazaki | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
Kagoshima | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Okinawa | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prefecture | APC | p-Value | APC | p-Value |
All of Japan | −0.21 (−0.82, 0.40) | 0.466 | −0.56 (−1.44, 0.33) | 0.196 |
Hokkaido | 3.87 (0.84, 6.99) | 0.017 | 4.30 (0.68, 8.05) | 0.024 |
Aomori | −1.22 (−3.85, 1.49) | 0.339 | −1.68 (−4.82, 1.57) | 0.276 |
Iwate | −0.94 (−3.54, 1.73) | 0.447 | 0.53 (−2.12, 3.25) | 0.669 |
Miyagi | 0.99 (−1.07, 3.08) | 0.313 | 0.98 (−1.22, 3.23) | 0.349 |
Akita | −0.00 (−0.96, 0.97) | 0.994 | 0.18 (−1.36, 1.74) | 0.807 |
Yamagata | 0.26 (−1.13, 1.67) | 0.689 | −0.35 (−1.87, 1.19) | 0.625 |
Fukushima | 0.63 (−1.07, 2.36) | 0.428 | 0.22 (−1.85, 2.33) | 0.818 |
Ibaraki | 6.36 (5.42, 7.31) | 0.000 | 6.40 (5.01, 7.80) | 0.000 |
Tochigi | 1.91 (0.37, 3.48) | 0.020 | 1.76 (−0.24, 3.79) | 0.079 |
Gunma | 1.19 (−0.74, 3.15) | 0.204 | 1.92 (−0.45, 4.34) | 0.103 |
Saitama | −0.94 (−3.68, 1.87) | 0.473 | −0.74 (−3.66, 2.28) | 0.598 |
Chiba | 1.57 (0.27, 2.88) | 0.022 | 1.31 (−0.32, 2.98) | 0.105 |
Tokyo | −1.09 (−2.61, 0.45) | 0.147 | −1.86 (−3.40, −0.29) | 0.024 |
Kanagawa | 0.39 (−2.18, 3.02) | 0.749 | 0.39 (−2.28, 3.14) | 0.756 |
Niigata | −1.70 (−2.87, −0.51) | 0.009 | −2.16 (−3.52, −0.79) | 0.005 |
Toyama | −2.62 (−4.65, −0.55) | 0.018 | −2.82 (−5.28, −0.29) | 0.032 |
Ishikawa | −2.63 (−5.07, −0.12) | 0.042 | −4.02 (−6.78, −1.18) | 0.010 |
Fukui | −6.24 (−10.15, −2.15) | 0.007 | −7.48 (−12.06, −2.66) | 0.006 |
Yamanashi | −1.19 (−2.49, 0.13) | 0.072 | −0.77 (−2.69, 1.19) | 0.402 |
Nagano | 0.35 (−1.35, 2.07) | 0.663 | −0.23 (−2.34, 1.92) | 0.814 |
Gifu | −0.74 (−2.84, 1.40) | 0.457 | −0.53 (−3.24, 2.25) | 0.680 |
Shizuoka | −2.57 (−5.10, 0.02) | 0.052 | −3.39 (−6.20, −0.49) | 0.026 |
Aichi | −0.24 (−1.29, 0.82) | 0.620 | −1.06 (−2.37, 0.27) | 0.106 |
Mie | −0.67 (−2.95, 1.66) | 0.538 | 0.26 (−2.07, 2.65) | 0.812 |
Shiga | −0.63 (−2.21, 0.98) | 0.403 | −0.76 (−2.20, 0.70) | 0.274 |
Kyoto | 0.29 (−1.34, 1.96) | 0.701 | −0.22 (−2.14, 1.74) | 0.811 |
Osaka | −2.74 (−4.63, −0.81) | 0.010 | −3.40 (−5.36, −1.40) | 0.003 |
Hyogo | −2.01 (−3.30, −0.71) | 0.006 | −2.23 (−3.06, −1.40) | 0.000 |
Nara | −1.21 (−2.86, 0.48) | 0.142 | −1.57 (−3.60, 0.50) | 0.122 |
Wakayama | 0.05 (−1.93, 2.08) | 0.955 | −2.05 (−3.58, −0.50) | 0.014 |
Tottori | −3.72 (−5.16, −2.25) | 0.000 | −4.19 (−5.83, −2.53) | 0.000 |
Shimane | −0.86 (−1.74, 0.02) | 0.055 | −1.04 (−2.20, 0.12) | 0.075 |
Okayama | 2.15 (0.47, 3.86) | 0.017 | 1.75 (0.24, 3.28) | 0.027 |
Hiroshima | −0.36 (−1.79, 1.08) | 0.588 | −1.33 (−2.90, 0.27) | 0.094 |
Yamaguchi | −1.69 (−3.47, 0.12) | 0.064 | −0.81 (−2.47, 0.88) | 0.310 |
Tokushima | −1.61 (−2.75, −0.46) | 0.011 | −1.98 (−3.19, −0.74) | 0.005 |
Kagawa | −4.31 (−5.61, −2.99) | 0.000 | −4.40 (−5.62, −3.16) | 0.000 |
Ehime | 1.47 (−0.92, 3.91) | 0.202 | 1.45 (−1.18, 4.15) | 0.253 |
Kochi | 0.40 (−1.32, 2.15) | 0.621 | 0.41 (−1.51, 2.37) | 0.652 |
Fukuoka | −0.23 (−2.77, 2.38) | 0.849 | −0.12 (−2.98, 2.82) | 0.930 |
Saga | −0.00 (−1.83, 1.86) | 0.997 | −2.33 (−4.42, −0.20) | 0.035 |
Nagasaki | 0.06 (−1.37, 1.51) | 0.929 | −1.20 (−3.34, 1.00) | 0.253 |
Kumamoto | 0.15 (−1.15, 1.47) | 0.806 | −0.60 (−3.17, 2.05) | 0.626 |
Oita | 0.89 (−2.06, 3.93) | 0.525 | −0.84 (−4.05, 2.48) | 0.585 |
Miyazaki | −1.72 (−3.31, −0.11) | 0.039 | −2.05 (−4.40, 0.37) | 0.088 |
Kagoshima | 0.78 (−1.75, 3.38) | 0.513 | 1.60 (−0.41, 3.66) | 0.108 |
Okinawa | 2.05 (0.26, 3.86) | 0.028 | 1.35 (−0.61, 3.36) | 0.159 |
Explanatory Variable | Median (Interquartile Range) |
---|---|
Population | 1,675,000 (1,124,446–2,833,000) |
Population density (persons per hectare) | 8.3 (6.3–12.3) |
Proportion of public assistance recipients | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) |
Taxable income per capita (JPY 1000) | 1274.4 (1115.2–1394.5) |
Proportion of high-school graduates going to a higher educational institution | 50.9 (44.7–55.5) |
Annual average temperature (°C) | 16.1 (14.7–16.9) |
Annual daylight hours (h) | 1943.6 (1776.2–2103.1) |
Annual average relative humidity (%) | 69.0 (66.0–73.0) |
Mean of annual average SO2 concentration (ppb) | 1.7 (1.1–2.9) |
Mean of annual average NO2 concentration (ppb) | 9.3 (6.8–12.3) |
Mean of annual average CO concentration (0.1 ppm) | 3.7 (3.0–4.5) |
Mean of annual average SPM concentration (µg/m3) | 19.3 (16.7–22.4) |
Number of hospitals with an allergy department per 100,000 persons | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) |
Number of hospitals with a dermatology department per 100,000 persons | 2.5 (2.2–3.0) |
Number of medical clinics per 100,000 persons | 79.3 (71.3–88.4) |
Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Explanatory Variable | SPRC (95% CI) | p-Value | SPRC (95% CI) | p-Value |
Year | −0.108 (−0.241, 0.023) | 0.119 | −0.152 (−0.299, −0.009) | 0.045 |
Population | 0.244 (−0.353, 0.844) | 0.425 | 0.188 (−0.443, 0.825) | 0.561 |
Population density | −0.411 (−0.965, 0.148) | 0.157 | −0.488 (−1.076, 0.106) | 0.113 |
Proportion of public assistance recipients | −0.104 (−0.346, 0.123) | 0.387 | −0.063 (−0.322, 0.182) | 0.632 |
Taxable income per capita (JPY 1000) | 0.273 (0.088, 0.456) | 0.004 | 0.439 (0.236, 0.638) | <0.001 |
Proportion of high-school graduates going to a higher educational institution | 0.084 (−0.090, 0.263) | 0.361 | 0.021 (−0.168, 0.211) | 0.831 |
Annual average temperature (°C) | −0.088 (−0.264, 0.069) | 0.300 | 0.049 (−0.139, 0.217) | 0.593 |
Annual daylight hours (h) | −0.010 (−0.081, 0.059) | 0.780 | −0.048 (−0.125, 0.027) | 0.220 |
Annual average relative humidity (%) | 0.037 (−0.049, 0.124) | 0.399 | 0.062 (−0.032, 0.157) | 0.203 |
Mean of annual average SO2 concentration (ppb) | −0.061 (−0.172, 0.045) | 0.275 | −0.083 (−0.202, 0.036) | 0.179 |
Mean of annual average NO2 concentration (ppb) | 0.087 (−0.145, 0.312) | 0.462 | 0.108 (−0.147, 0.352) | 0.404 |
Mean of annual average CO concentration (0.1 ppm) | −0.053 (−0.131, 0.020) | 0.170 | −0.023 (−0.107, 0.058) | 0.597 |
Mean of annual average SPM concentration (µg/m3) | −0.020 (−0.133, 0.090) | 0.726 | −0.033 (−0.156, 0.088) | 0.599 |
Number of hospitals with an allergy department per 100,000 persons | −0.043 (−0.148, 0.062) | 0.432 | −0.092 (−0.205, 0.025) | 0.126 |
Number of hospitals with a dermatology department per 100,000 persons | 0.064 (−0.080, 0.220) | 0.403 | 0.060 (−0.098, 0.231) | 0.468 |
Number of medical clinics per 100,000 persons | 0.230 (−0.008, 0.472) | 0.071 | 0.272 (0.016, 0.532) | 0.046 |
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Okui, T.; Nakashima, N. Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis among Schoolchildren in Japan and Its Associated Factors from 2006 to 2018. Allergies 2022, 2, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies2020004
Okui T, Nakashima N. Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis among Schoolchildren in Japan and Its Associated Factors from 2006 to 2018. Allergies. 2022; 2(2):33-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies2020004
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkui, Tasuku, and Naoki Nakashima. 2022. "Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis among Schoolchildren in Japan and Its Associated Factors from 2006 to 2018" Allergies 2, no. 2: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies2020004
APA StyleOkui, T., & Nakashima, N. (2022). Regional Differences in the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis among Schoolchildren in Japan and Its Associated Factors from 2006 to 2018. Allergies, 2(2), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/allergies2020004