The Genealogical Message of Beatrix Frangepán ^†

Abstract

Beatrix Frangepán (* c. 1480, +(27 March) 1510) from the Counts of Veglia (Krk), Modrus and Zengg was a descendant from one of the leading families of the Hungarian–CroatianHungarian–Croatian late Medieval Kingdom. She became wife of Crown Prince János Corvinus-Hunyadi and later of Margrave Georg Hohenzollern-Brandenburg. From her first marriage, she had three children. One of these, Kristóf, who died young, was buried together with his father in Lepoglava (Croatia). Recently, successful archaeogenetic analyses have been performed on the remains of János and Kristóf Corvinus-Hunyadi; and in the course of these studies, the family background of Kristóf’s mother, Beatrix Frangepán, became an important factor. The present study provides a nine-generation family tree of Beatrix Frangepan as a complementary data pool for an eventual expansion of the archaeogenetic studies. Preliminary results of archaeological study of the supposed grave of Beatrix Frangepán are also reported.

1. Introduction

The main goals of the present article are: (a) to construct a nine-genearation genealogical table of Beatrix Frangepán on the basis of published data, (b) to call attention of the community of scientists dealing with archaeogenetics and the interesting variability of origin of her detectable ancestors and (c) to point to the possibility of performing a molecular genetical characterization of the bone fragments found in her supposed grave.

The more than eight centuries of the symbiosis of Croatia with Hungary in the frames of the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom (from 1091 to 29 October 1918. Sokcsevits 2011) are among the best examples of peaceful “co-habitation” of two nations in a common state, based on mutual advantages and mutual respect of traditions (Sokcsevits 2004, 2007). This situation was primarily based on the rules of this community already established at the very beginning by Kings Kálmán (* c. 1074, +1116.02.03. King of Hungary: 1095–1116, of Croatia: 1102–1116) and Béla III (* 1148/50, +1196.04.23, King of Hungary and Croatia: 1172–1196) of the Árpád dynasty (Schwennicke 1984, ES.II.T.154). One of the characteristic and well-documented signs of this exemplary cooperation was the fact that people from these two nations mutually held leading governmental positions in both of these Kingdoms, without any “national” distinctions. A numerical example of this practice can be seen in the fact that between 1301 and 1457, one finds 115 times the members of the Frangepán (Frankopan/Frangipane) family within the main officials of the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom (Engel 1996).

Undoubtedly, the Frangepán family was one of the most prominent leading families of the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom, with main territorial interests in the South-Western “corner” of the Kingdom, Island Krk (Veglia) and on the “mainland” county (megye) Modrus (Thallóczy and Barabás [1910] 1913). This geographical position prompted the Frangepáns to play an intermediary role between the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom, the Republic of Venice and (the remains of) the Byzantine Empire, leading to situations such as János Frangepán (+29 November 1393) being the Bán (practically: Governor) of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia for the Hungarian King, and he also acted as member of the Venetian Great Council in the role of Patrician of the Republic of Venice (Schwennicke 1985, ES.III/3.T.589).

Such a practice also continued during the 32-year rule of King Mátyás I Corvinus Hunyadi (24 January 1458–6 April 1490), which is generally regarded as one of the most successful reigns in the millenary history of the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom (Hóman and Szekfü 1934; Kovács 1990; Kubinyi 2001; Bárány et al. 2019). This very important period, however, encountered a serious human problem of the Monarch, as King Mátyás had no legal heir from his two marriages—only a “natural” son (János) who was born from an extraconjugal affair in 1473. According to the Hungarian tradition, such a circumstance represented a major problem in the succession. In spite of this, in the last years of his reign, the King did everything that appeared effective enough to ensure the “Crown Prince” for this young boy status and vested in him the practical tools in order to become his heir. Within these measures were the oaths of allegiances taken from the most important dignitaries and donations of various titles, together with the donations of vast landed properties. Thus, in 1490, this young man, diplomatically called “Corvinus” János (alluding to the raven in the Hunyadi coat of arms), was Count (gróf) of Hunyad, Prince (herceg) of Liptó and Glogau [in Silesia], (titular) king of Bosnia as well as landlord of vast territories from the exceptionally rich Hunyadi possessions.

The sudden death of King Mátyás I Corvinus-Hunyadi (+1490) initiated a serious successional crisis, focused on the figure of János Corvinus-Hunyadi, who was fairly young on his father’s death (16 years) and, moreover, not very talented in managing state affairs. According to instructions obtained from his father, he tried what he could. It was a prudential step that he took when he married Beatrix Frangepán (in 1496), hoping that this marriage will help him realize his hopes for the Hungarian throne. These hopes, however, were not realized, but Beatrix became mother of three (Neumann 2015) children of János Corvinus-Hunyadi. A few years later, Prince János died (+October/12 December 1504) and soon the eldest of the children (Kristóf, +1505) followed him. They were both buried in Lepoglava (Croatia). Their grave survived the undulations of history until the present day and their remains became the most reliable “reference points” for the genetic identification of the remains of other members of the Corvinus-Hunyadi family. As the mother of Kristóf Corvinus-Hunyadi, Beatrix Frangepán has become an important, relevant figure in these studies (Neparáczki et al. 2022). After the death of Prince János Corvinus-Hunyadi, his widow, Beatrix Frangepán, married for a second time (21 January 1509)—this time to Markgrave Georg von Hohenzollern-Brandenburg (* 4 March 1484, + 27 December 1543; Schwennicke 1998, ES.I/1.T.139), and this marriage remained childless she died not much later (before 27 March 1510).

We collect and present here the available data on the documented ancestry of Beatrix Frangepán, aiming at obtaining a different picture of the documented branches of her family background, which might be useful in the interpretation of future more detailed studies of molecular genetics.

2. Results and Discussion

The Frangepán family can be traced back generation by generation until Duym (Duimus, Doimo, 12th generation from Beatrix), Count of Veglia (Krk), vassal of Venice, who was already active in 1115 and died before 3 August 1163 (Klaić [1901] 1991; Frangipane 1975; Schwennicke 1985, ES.III/3.T.587; Holjevac 2005; Fine 2006; Špoljarić 2016; Paviano n.d.). Strangely, the connection to one of the clans (genus) of Croatia could not be identified. of the gap in family connections suggests that the Frangepáns were the “remains” of the earlier officials of the Roman Empire, later called “Župans of Krk”, but this cannot be fully proven yet. They appear as “landlords” at the beginning of their documented history (1115) and their subsequent behavior reflects a systematic ambition for sovereign rule, indicated also by their matrimonial policies. The first marriage of the Frangepáns with a regnant sovereign family was the marriage (1392) of János Frangepán (+29 November 1393) with Anna von Görz-Schwarzeneck, from a family bearing the title of “rulig-Count” (Princely Count/Gefürsteter Graf, Schwennicke 1984, ES.III/1.T.44). This marriage was followed by a marriage to one of the most influential Hungarian families, Garai/Garay de Gara of the Dorozsma clan (genus) (Karácsonyi [1900] 2004; Schwennicke 1984, ES.III/1.T.175) with the daughter of the Palatine (Viceroy) of Hungary. Subsequently, István Frangepán (+1481) married a “natural” daughter of the ruling Margrave (Marchese) of Ferrara-Modena, Niccolo III d’Este (Schwennicke 1998, ES.I/1.T.35). It must be noted that Margrave Niccolo III and his father were “natural” sons of their fathers, but then occupied one of the most influential ruling positions in Italy. The Estes brought the prestige of a genealogy starting from the famous Medieval Welf family. The Welfs are documented since the early 9th century with a direct kinship to the Karolings (Schwennicke 1985, ES.III/4.T.736).

Bernát/Bernardin Frangepán, the father of Beatrix, was an important person in the times of King Mátyás I Corvinus-Hunyadi and, in this quality, he participated in the Hungarian delegation to Naples, when King Mátyás married the daughter of King Burgund-Ivrea-Aragon Alfonso V, Princess Beatrix (in 1476). On this occasion, Bernát Frangepán also established his own marriage to Princess Aloysia Marzano (Schwennicke 1983, ES.III/3.T.551), a grand-daughter of King Alfonso V, who then became the mother of Beatrix Frangepán.

The results of our survey, until the 9th generation [256 ancestors] are shown in

Table 1. Ancestors of Beatrix Frangepán. A nine-generation chart. The following, summarizing, “only-numbers” scheme indicates the relationships of the numbered people in Table 1 for the initial six generations of ascendants of Beatrix Frangepán. More generations could not be shown for technical (printing) reasons, but all numbers follow the general law, where the parents of a person (with number) N are numbered as 2N (father) and 2N + 1 (mother), and the grandparents as 4N (paternal grandfather), 4N + 1 (paternal grandmother), 4N + 2 (maternal grandfather) and 4N + 3 (maternal grandmother), etc.

16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31
8		9		10		11		12		13		14		15
4				5				6				7
2								3
1

Unknown people have been indicated as N. N.; if more unknown people followed each other in the list, they were abbreviated as: Initial Number …… Last Number N. N.

. It is visible already at the first sight that Beatrix Frangepán had a fairly mixed composition of documented ancestors. We start our analysis from her paternal progenitors (2, 4, 8…256 in Table 1), continuing with the family of her paternal great-great grandmother (17), and then proceeding towards the maternal ancestors (3, 6, 12… 384), etc., by the same logic. (Text of the article continues after Table 1.)

1 Frangepán Beatrix, of the Counts (grófok) of Veglia, Modrus and Zengg, * (1480), +1510. (03.07.), ES.III/3.T.589.

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2 Frangepán Bernát/Bernardin, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus and Zengg, +1527.11.09., Army Commander in chief (Főkapitány), Imperial Counsellor (Császári tanácsos), Hereditary Palatin (Örökös nádor)

3 ante 1476.09.16. Marzano Aloysia/Luisa, Princess (Principessa), 1489., ES.III/3.T.551.

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4 Frangepán István/Stepan, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus and Zengg, +1481. (post 03.01.)., Governor (Bán) of Croatia and Dalmatia (Horvátország, Dalmácia)

5 1446 Este Isotta, of the Markgraves of Este, Ferrara and Modena (dai Marchesi d’Este, Ferrara, Modena, illegitimate–legitimized), * 1425.04.27., +1456.01.29., (Widow of/vedova di Oddo Antonio di Montefeltro), ES.I/1.T.35.

6 Marzano Giovanni Francesco Marino, 1st Prince of (1o Principe di) Rossano, 3rd Duke of (3o Duca di) Sessa, 1st Duke of (1o Duca di) Squilace, +(assasinated) 1494., Grand Admiral of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Ammiraglio del Regno di Napoli)

7 [Burgund-Ivrea-] Aragon Leonor/Eleonora, (illegitimate–legitimized), +1474. ES.II.T.66.

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8 Frangepán Miklós/Nikola, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus and Zengg, +1432.06.26., Governor (Bán) of Croatia and Dalmatia (Horvátország, Dalmácia), 1430: Confirmation of his family name by the Pope (Martino V, 1417–1431.)

9 Garay/Garai de Gara (garai Garay) de genere Dorozsma Dorottya, 1406/1425., ES.III/1.T.175.

10 Este Niccolo/Nicola III, Markgrave of (Marchese di) Este, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio (illegitimate–legitimized by the Holy Seat), +(poisoned) 1441.12.02/08.

11 (concubina) (di Taddeo) Caterina, ES.I/1.T.35. or: della Tavola Filippa

12 Marzano Giovanni Antonio, 2nd Duke of (2o Duca di) Sessa, 5th Count of (5o Conte di) Squilace, Count of (Conte di) Montalto, Corigliano, +1453.

13 (1) Ruffo Covella, Countess of (Contessa di) Montalto, Lady of (Signora di) Rossano [1]

14 Burgund-Ivrea-Aragon Alfonso V, „el Magnonimo”, King of (Re di) Aragon, Naples (Napoli) and Sicily (Sicilia), * 1394., +1458.06.27.

15 (concubina) Carlino Giraldonna/Gueraldonna (wife of Gasparre Reverdit from Barcelona), ES.II.T.66.

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16 Frangepán János/Anž, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus and Zengg, +1393.11.29., Governor (Bán) of Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia (Horvátország, Dalmácia, Szlavónia), Member of the Great Council of Venice

17 Görz-Tirol zu Schwarzeneck Anna, +1402.09.05., ES.III/1.T.44.

18 Garay/Garai de Gara (garai Garay) de genere Dorozsma Miklós, +(beheaded) 1386.09…., Governor (Bán) of Macsó, Palatin (Nádor) of Hungary (Magyarország)

19 Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz N. [2]

20 Este Alberto, * 1347., +1393.07.30., (illegitimate, legitimized in 1347.), Lord of (Signore di) Ferrara. 1391: Institutes the University of Ferrara (Università di Ferrara)

21 (concubina) Albaresani Isotta, + post 1425., ES.I/1.T.32.

22 N. Taddeo or della Tavola N.

23 N. N.

24 Marzano Giacomo/Jacopo, 1st Duke of (1o Duca di) Sessa, 4th Count of (4o Conte di) Squilace, 1355/(1404), +1402.

25 Sanseverino di Mileto Caterina, +1404 (59 years old) [3]

26 Ruffo Carlo, 5th Count of (5o Conte di) Montalto, (de iure uxoris) Count of (Conte di) Corigliano, Lord of (Signore di) Paola, +1414.

27 Sanseverino Ceccarella/Francesca, * c. 1380. [4]

28 Burgund-Ivrea-Aragon Fernando I, King of (Re di) Aragon, Sicily (Sicilia), * 1380.11.27., +1418.04.02.

29 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilla/Castilia Leona Urraca, Countess of (Condesa de) Albuquerque, * 1374., +1435.12.16. ES.II.T.64.

30 (Carlino) N.

31 N. N.

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32 Frangepán Bertalan/Bartol, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus, +1361.05.08./1363.12.23.

33 N. N. (Sister of N. Ulricus)

34 Görz-Tirol Meinhard VI, Count of (Graf von) Görz, Kirchberg, Count palatine of (Pfalzgraf von) Kärnten, Castellan of (Vogt von) Aquileia, +post 1385.05.06.

35 1347.11.18. (2) Pfannberg Katharina, Heiress of Greifenberg, Sumeregg, +1374/75, ES.XVI.T.16.

36 Garay/Garai de Gara (garai Garay) de genere Dorozsma András I., +1340/44.

37 Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz N. [5]

38 (Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz) N. (supposed)

39 N. N.

40 Este Obizzo III., Lord of (Signore di) Ferrara, Modena, Parma, * 1294.07.14., +1352.03.20.

41 (concubina) Ariosti Lippa/Filippa, +1347.11.27. [6]

42……47 N. N.

48 Marzano Roberto, 3rd Count of (3o Conte di) Squilace, * ante 1330., Grand Admiral of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Ammiraglio del Regno di Napoli)

49 (Artus Bartolomea) [7]

50 Sanseverino Ruggero, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Mileto, Terranova, +c. 1376., Seneschal of (Sénéchal de) Provence

51 (contract of matrimony/contratto di matrimonio: 1341.03.07) (2) Aquino Giovanna, +1345.04.03. [8]

52 Ruffo Antonio, 4th Count of (4o Conte di) Montalto, 2nd Count of (2o Conte di) Corigliano, +c. 1383., Viceroy of (Vicere di) Calabria

53 Sanseverino Giovanna/”Giovanella”, +ante 1353., Heiress of Belcastro, Mileto [9]

54 Sanseverino Ugo, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Potenza, * c. 1339., +(assasinated) 1403.

55 c. 1360 Sangineto Costanza, Lady of (Signora d’) Ungento, +post 1368., Heiress of Macciofellone, (widow of Aquino Tommaso II) [10]

56 Burgund-Ivrea Juan I, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, * 1358.08.20., +1390.10.09.

57 1375.06.18. (1) Barcelona-Aragon Leonor/Eleonora, * 1358.02.20., +1382.08.13., ES.II.T.72.

58 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilia Sancho, Count of (Conde de) Albuquerque, * 1342., +1374., Brother of 112

59 Capet-Portugal Brites/Beatrix, * 1347., +1381., ES.II.T.39.

60……63 N. N.

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64 Frangepán Frigyes/Fridrik, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus, Vindol, +ante 1343.10.16., Podesta [ Mayor] of (Podestà di) Zengg

65 ante 1313 N. Elizabet (Erzsébet)

66, 67 N. N.

68 Görz-Tirol Johann (Albert), Count of (Graf von) Görz, +1325/27.

69 ante 1321.01.06. (2) Matsch (Mätsch) Utehild, +post 1350.03.12., ES.XII.T.139.

70 Pfannberg Ulrich III (V), +1354.10.23., Marshall in Austria (Marschall in Österreich), Capitain in Carinthia (Hauptmann in Kärnten)

71 ante 1331.09.03. (2) Werdenberg Margareta, ES.XII.T.30.

72 Garay/Garai de Gara (garai Garay) de genere Dorozsma István, magister, +post 1300.03.10., 1269: donation of Gara, Count (ispán) of Pozsega

73 N. N.

74 Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz László, 1284/1324.

75 Kórógyi Jolán, 1290. [11]

76 (Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz N.) (supposed)

77……79 N. N.

80 Este Aldobrandino II., Lord of (Signore di) Este, Modena, Rovigo, Lendinara, +1326

81 1289 Rangoni Alda, +1321/25. ES.I/1.T.32. [12]

82 Ariosti Iacopo/Giacomo, Nobleman from (nobile di) Bologna

83……95 N. N.

96 Marzano Goffredo, 2nd Count of (2o Conte di) Squilace, + post 1343.01.16., Grand Admiral of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Ammiraglio del Regno di Napoli)

97 Ruffo Giovanna, Lady of (Signora di) Policastro, (widow of/vedova di Stendardo Filippo) [13]

98 Artus Carlo II, Count of (Conte di) Santa Agata, Lord of (Signore di) Monteodorioso, Grand Chancellor of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Cancelliere del Regno di Napoli)

99 Acciaiuoli Anderina [14]

100 Sanseverino Enrico, 4th Count of (4o Conte di) Marcisio, +ante 1317., Grand Constable of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Connestabile del Regno di Napoli)

101 Lauria/Llauria Iliaria/Iliaria [15]

102 Aquino Tommaso II., Count of (Conte di) Belcastro, +1338/39.

103 (1) delli Monti (de Montibus) Filipa (Giovanna/Caterina), * c. 1287., + ante 1322.07.08. [16]

104 Ruffo Carlo, 3rd Count of (3o Conte di) Montalto, Lord of (Signore di) Cariati, Paola, * 1311/14., +1373.

105 1347/48 (2) Sanseverino Giovanna [17]

106 Sanseverino Enrico, 2nd Count of (2o Conte di) Mileto, Belcastro, 1376., Marshall of the Kingdom of Naples (Maresciallo del Regno di Napoli)

107 Toulouse-Lautrec Caterina [18]

108 Sanseverino Jacopo/Giacomo, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Chiaramonte, Tricarico, +1359/62.

109 Chiaromonte/Clermont Margherita, +1363. (Sister and heiress of Chiaromonte/Clermont Ugo) [19]

110 Sangineto Filippo, Count of (Conte d’) Altomonte, Corgliano, +1370/78.

111 1336 Sanseverino Ilaria/Iliaria, +post 1368/78. [20]

112 Burgund-Ivrea Enrique II, „el de las Mercedes”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, * 1334.01.13., +1379.03.29.

113 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilia Juana Manuel, Lady of (Señora de) Lara, Vizcaya, * 1339., +1381.03.27., ES.III/1.T.126.

114 Barcelona-Aragon Pedro IV. „el Ceremonioso”, King of (Rey de) Aragon, * 1319.09.05., +1386.01.05/06,

115 Barcelona-Sicilia Leonor/Eleonora, * 1325., +1375.04.20., ES.II.T.73.

116 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilia Alfoso XI. „el Justo”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, * 1311.08.11., +(plague) 1350.03.26.

117 Capet-Portugal Maria, * 1313., +(poisoned) 1357.01.13., ES.II.T.39.

118 Capet-Portugal Pedro „el Cruel”, King of (Rey de) Portugal, * 1320.04.18, +(assasinated) 1367.01.18.

119 In secrecy: 1346., Publicly: 1354. (3) Castro Inez, ⃰⃰ c. 1327., +(assasinated) 1355., 1360: crowned to Queen after her death. [21]

120……127 N. N.

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128 Frangepán Duym/Dujam/Doimo, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus, Vindol, +1316.09.20./1319.06.30. Podesta [Mayor] of (Podestà di) Zengg

129 (de Vodiča) Ursa, +post 1315.02.02.

130……135 N. N.

136 Görz-Tirol Albert I (IV), Count of (Graf von) Görz, Tirol, +1304., Castellan of (Vogt von) Aquileia

137 ante 1266.05.13. (1) Piast-Glogau Euphemia, * 1254.01.12., +. c. 1275., ES.III/1.T.9.,13.

138 Matsch/Mätsch Ulrich II (IV)., +(assasinated) 1309., Castellan of (Vogt von) Matsch/Mätsch

139 Vaz/Vatz Margareta, + post 1343., ES.XII.T.138.

140 Pfannberg Ulrich (IV), 1278/1318.

141 Heunberg Margareta, 1288/1306., ES.XVI.T.15.

142 Werdenberg Rudolf, Count of (Graf von) Werdenberg, Sargans, +post 1323.03.18.

143 Aspremont N., ES.XII.T.30.

144 (Garay/Garai de Gara) de genere Dorozsma János, comes 1269.

145……147 N. N.

148 Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz Serfesd

149 N. N.

150 Kórógyi Gergely, 1243/96., +ante 1296.

151 N. N.

152 (Nevnay/Nevnai de genere Pécz) N. (supposition)

153……159 N. N.

160 Este Obizzo II, (illegitime, legitimized by the Holy Seat), * (1247)., +1306.

161 (1) Fieschi Giacoma, +1287. [22]

162 Rangoni Tobia, Count (Conte), 1242/96.

163 Lupi de Lupis Caracosa, * 1244. [23]

164……191 N. N.

192 Marzano Tommaso, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Squilace, 1280/1344., Grand Admiral of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Ammiraglio del Regno di Napoli)

193 c. 1290. (1) Capua Giovanna [24]

194 Ruffo Giovanni, 3rd Count of (3o Conte di) Catanzaro, Lord of (Signore di) Policastro, * c. 1265., +1334.

195 c. 1290. (2) Licinardo Francesca, * ante 1275. [25]

196 Artus Bertrando, 1283., councillor, ambassador (consigliere, ambasciatore)

197 (2) Cantelmo Guglielma [26]

198 Acciaiuoli Acciaiolo

199 de Pazzi Guglielmina [27]

200 Sanseverino Tommaso, 3rd Count of (3o Conte di) Marcisio, Baron of (Barone di) Sanseverino, +post 1317.

201 Courban Isnarda [28]

202 Lauria/Llauria Rogerio/Ruggero, Lord of (Signore di) Lauria, Scalea, * 1250.01.17., +1305.01.19., Admiral of Catalonia (Ammiraglio di Catalunia)

203 Lancia Margherita, * c. 1255., +c. 1279. [29]

204 Aquino Tommaso I., Lord of (Signore di) Roccasecca, +post 1304.01.22., Capitain of the Thirrenic coasts (Capitano delle coste Tirreniche)

205 ante 1300. (2) Aquino Filippa, +1315/17. [30]

206 delli Monti (de Montibus) Ludovico, Lord of (Signore di) Pozzolo, +1294.08…., Magister pasuum, Giudge of (Giustiziere della) Terra d’Otranto, Master Giudge (Maestro Giustiziere), Capitain of Naples (Capitano di Napoli) [31]

207 dell’Aquila Giacoma/Giovanna [32]

208 Ruffo Giordano, (2o) Conte di Montalto, +1345.

209 della Leonessa Giovanna [33]

210 Sanseverino Roberto, 4th Count of (4o Conte di) Corigliano, +1361.

211 Bosco/Boscho/Bosch Giacoma Margherita Rachele, Lady of (Signora di) Monteserio, Genzano, * post 1273., + post 1320. [34]

212 Sanseverino Ruggero, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Mileto, Terranova, + c. 1376., Marshall of the Kingdom of Naples (Maresciallo del Regno di Napoli) (Equal to 50)

213 (Contract of matrimony/contratto di matrimonio 1341.03.27.) (2) Aquino Giovanna, +post 1345.04.03. [35] (Equal to 51)

214 Toulouse-Lautrec Adam, Vicomte de Tremblay, 1305.

215 Dammartin Eleonore, ES.III/4.T.646.

216 Sanseverino Tommaso, 3rd Count of (3o Conte di) Marsico, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Tricarico, + post 1317.

217 (2) Avezzano(-Bethzan/Bethan) Sveva, +1308. Heiress. [36]

218 Chiaromonte/Clermont Riccardo, Count of (Conte di) Chiaromonte, Lord of (Signore di) Vasto, San Chirico, Raparo, * c. 1260.

219 Sorella Egidia, Lady of (Signora di) Mignano, +1328. (Widow of Dragone Gofferdo.) [37]

220 Sangineto Ruggero, + ante 1337.

221 Pisanelli Caterina, Heiress. [38]

222 Sanseverino Ruggero, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Mileto, Terranova, + c. 1376. Marshall of the Kingdom of Naples (Maresciallo del Regno di Napoli) (Equal to 212.)

223 1341.03.27. (2) Aquino Giovanna, + post 1345.04.03.³⁵ (Equal to 213.)

224 Burgund-Ivrea Alfonso XI., „el Justo”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, *1311.08.11., +(plague) 1350.03.26.(Equal to 116.)

225 Capet-Portugal Maria, * 1313., +(poisoned) 1357.01.13., ES.II.T.39. (Equal to 117).

226 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilia Juan Manuel, „el Scritor”, Lord of (Señor de) Escalona, Panofiel, Villena, * 1282., +1348.

227 Burgund-Ivrea-de-la-Cerda Blanca, +1347., ES.III/1.T.123.

228 Barcelona-Aragon Alfonso IV., „el Benigne”, King of (Rey de) Aragon, * 1299., +1336.01.24.

229 1314.01.10. (1) Urgel-Entenza Teresa, * 1300., +1327.10.28., Heiress of Entenza, ES.III/1.T.135.

230 Barcelona-Sicilia Pietro II., King of (Re di) Sicily/Sicilia, *1304., +1342.08.15.

231 Görz-Kärnten Elisabeth, + post 1352. Regent(e) of (di) Sicily/Sicilia., ES.III/1.T.43.

232 Burgund-Ivrea Fernando IV., „el Ajurno”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, *1285.12.06., +1312.09.07.,

233 Capet-Portugal Constance, * 1290.01.03., +1313.11.18., ES.II.T.39. (Sister of 234).

234 Capet-Portugal Alfonso IV., „el Bravo”, King of (Rey de) Portugal., * 1291.02.08., +1357.05.28.

235 Burgund-Ivrea Beatriz/Beatrix, * 1293., +1359., ES.II.T.63., (Sister of 232).

236 Capet-Portugal Alfonso IV., „el Bravo”, King of (Rey de) Portugal, * 1291.02.08., +1357.05.28. (Equal to 234).

237 Burgund-Ivrea Beatriz/Beatrix, * 1293., +1359., ES.II.T.63., (Equal to 235, sister of 232).

238 Castro Pedro Fernandez, Lord of (Señor de) Lemos, * 1290., +1342.

239 (concubina) Valdares/Valladares Aldonica [39]

240……255 N. N.

==============================================================================

256 Frangepán Frigyes/Fridrik, Count (gróf) of Veglia (Krk), Modrus, Vindol, +post 1289.02.17., Podesta [Mayor] of (Podestà di) Zengg, ES.III/3.T.588.

257 N. Agnes

258……271 N. N.

272 Görz Meinhard III (I), Count of (Graf von) Görz, Tirol, +1258.07.22.

273 Tirol Adelheid, +1279.05.26., Heiress of Tirol., ES.III/1.T.42.

274 Piast-Glogau Konrad I., Prince of (Herzog von) Glogau, * 1228/31., +1273/74., Bishop of (Bischof von) Passau

275 Piast-Grosspolen Salomea, +1267., ES.II.T.121.

276 Matsch/Mätsch Albero, +1280.01.10., Castellan of (Vogt von) Matsch

277 (2) Velturns Sophia, + post 1308.08.10., ES.XII.T.139.

278 Vaz/Vatz Walter, Prince of (Herzog von) Vaz, +1284.11.04., Podesta [Mayor] (Podestà di) Como.

279 Kirchberg Liukade, +1326.05.24., ES.XII.T.75.

280 Pfannberg Heinrich, Count of (Graf von) Pfannberg, +1282.07.24., Capitain of (Hauptmann der) Steiermark, Regional Judge (Landrichter)

281 Sponheimer-Lebenau N., + c. 1246., ES.XXVII.T.132.

282 Heunburg Ulrich III., Count of (Graf von) Heunburg, +1308.

283 Baden Agnes, +1295.01.02., ES.I/2.T.266.

284 Werdenberg Hartmann I., Count of (Graf von) Werdenberg, +ante 1271.04.03.

285 Sponheimer-Ortenburg Elisabeth, +ante 1271.04.03., ES.IV.T.118.

286 Aspremont Egolf

287 N. N.

288 (Garay/Garai de Gara, de genere Dorozsma) N. (supposition)

289……295 N. N.

296 (Nevnay/Nevnai) de genere Pécz György (Son of de genere Pécz Lukács)

297……299 N. N.

300 Kórógyi Keled, +1241. (Son of Kórógyi Fülöp)

301 Macha N., 1243/44.

302……319 N. N.

320 Este Rinaldo I., +1251. Prisoner of Emperor Friedrich I.

321 (concubina) N. N. [40]

322 Fieschi Niccolo, Count of (Conte di) Lavagna, Torriglia (Brother of Pope Adriano V (Fieschi Ottobuono, their father, F. Teodoro III, was the brother of Pope Innocenzo IV, F. Sinibaldo and nephew of Pope Adriano V, F. Ottobono [41])

323 N. Leonora

324 Rangoni Guglielmo, Lord of (Signore di) Marsaglia, * 1212/20., 1266.

325 Castelnuovo Alda, * c. 1214/20. [42]

326 Lupi de Lupis Ugolino/Ugone, Margrave of (Marchese di) Saragna (His father was L. Guido, mother Fieschi Margherita, niece of Pope Innocenzo IV F. Sinibaldo [41])

327…..383 N. N.

384 Marzano Riccardo, Lord of (Signore di) Marzano, Tufara, Roccamorfia, +post 1281.

385 Dragoni Rosalia/Rogalide, * 1185/1205. [43]

386 Capua Bartolomeo, * 1248.08.24., +1328., Gran Protonotaio del Regno di Napoli

387 (1) Franco Mattia [44]

388 Ruffo Pietro, 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Catanzaro, Lord of (Signore di) Lubicano, +(assasinated) 1302., Chamberlain (Ciambellano), Capitain-General (Capitano Generale), Grand Chancellor of the Kingdom of Sicily (Gran Cancelliere del Regno di Sicilia)

389 1264/66 Aquino Giovanna +1300. [45]

390 Licinardo Corrado, Baron of (Barone di) Luperzano, Lord of (Signore di) Quiterno

391 Molisi/Molise Costanza, * 1242, Baroness of (Baronessa di) Luperzano di Quitero di Valle [46]

392, 393 N. N.

394 Cantelmo Rostaino

395 N. N.

396 Acciaiuoli Niccolo, „il Vecchio”, +1341/49

397 N. N.

398 de Pazzi Giano

399 N. N.

400 Sanseverino Ruggero, 2nd Count of (2o Conte di) Marcisio, Lord of (Signore di) Sanseverino, + ante 1286.

401 Aquino Teodora, +post 1284., (Sister of San Tommaso d’Aquino) [47]

402 Courban/Corbano Amelio, Lord of (Signore di) Corbano

403 Di Sangro Francesca [48]

404 Lauria/Llauria Riccardo, Baron of (Barone di) Ficarra, Concentaia, Lord of (Signore di Lauria, Scalea), + (battle) 1266.02.26.

405 (2) D’Amico Bella (Belladonna), + post 1279. [49]

406 Lancia Galeotto/Federico, Count of (Conte d’) Atti, Squilace + c. 1268.

407 (Uncertain) Aquino Cubitosa (Sister of 389) [50]

408 Aquino Adenolfo I., Lord of (Signore di) Roccasecca, + post 1304. (Brother of San Tommaso d’Aquino)

409 Foloch/Fallucca Fiore, Lady of (Signora di) Barbaro, Castagna, Taverna, 1276., +1296. [51]

410 Aquino Pandolfo, Lord of (Signore di) 1/6 Roccasecca, Castelpiano, +(battle?) 1268.

411 Panormo Maria [52]

412, 413 N. N.

414 dell’Aquila Ruggero II., Count of (Conte di) Fondi, Traetto, +1272.

415 Aquino Adelasia, +ante 1305.05.10. (Sister of San Tommaso d’Aquino) [53]

416 Ruffo Pietro, 2nd Count (2o Conte di) Catanzaro, Lord of (Signore di) Lubicano, 1264/66., +(assasinated) 1302. Chamberlain (Ciambellano), General Capitain (Capitano Generale), Grand Chancellor of the Kingdom of Sicily (Gran Cancelliere del Regno di Sicilia (Equal to 388)

417 1254 Aquino Giovanna, +1300. [54] (Equal to 389)

418 della Leonessa Giovanni

419 Stendardo Isabella, 1302. [55]

420 Sanseverino Tommaso, 3rd Count of (3o Conte di) Marsico, Baron of (Barone di) Sanseverino, +1324.09.25. (Equal to 216)

421 Avezzano/Bethzan Sveva, Countess of (Contessa di) Tricarico, + post 1308. [56] (Equal to 217)

422 Bosco/Boscho/Bosch Arnau, * c. 1266., +1297/1302.

423 Sancia Aquilina, Lady of (Signora di) Monteserico, Genzano, +post 1327.04.24. [57]

424 Sanseverino Enrico, 4th Count of (4o Conte di) Marcisio, + ante 1317., Grand Constable of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Connestabile del Regno di Napoli) (Equal to 100).

425 Lauria/Llauria Ilaria/Iliaria [15] (Equal to 101).

426 Aquino Tommaso II., Count of (Conte di) Belcastro, +1338/39

427 (1) delli Monti (de Montibus) Filipa (Giovanna/Caterina), * c. 1287., +ante 1322.07.08.. [16]

428, 429 N. N.

430 Dammartin Renaud II, Count of (Comte de) Dammartin, * 1247., +1302.07.11.

431 Beaumont-en-Gâtinais Philippe, Lady of (Dame de) Coye, +post 1317., ES.III/4.T.667.

432 Sanseverino Ruggero, 2ndCount of (2o Conte di) Marcisio, Lord of (Signore di) Sanseverino, +ante 1286. (Equal to 400).

433 Aquino Teodora, +post 1294. (Equal to 401, sister of Saint Tommaso d’Aqino) [47]

434 Avezzano/Bethzan Grimaldo, Count of (Conte di) Tricarico, * c.1232.

435 della Marra Alburia/Elvira * c.1236. [58]

436 Chiaromonte/Clermont Ugo, * c. 1265.

437 Dragoni Guida, * c. 1265. [59]

438, 439 N. N.

440 Sangineto Filippo, +post 1350.

441 (1) N. N.

442 Pisanelli Guglielmo, Lord of (Signore di) Pisanello, Vernola, Pitignano

443 1284 della Marra Giovanna, * 1264. [60]

444 Sanseverino Enrico, 4th Count of (4o Conte di) Marcisio, +ante 1317., Grand Constable of the Kingdom of Naples (Gran Connestabile del Regno di Napoli) (Equal to 100, 424).

445 Lauria/Llauria Ilaria/Iliaria, +1342/43. (Equal to 101, 425).

446 Aquino Tommaso II., 1st Count of (1o Conte di) Belcastro, +1338/39.

447 dei Monti Filippa/Giovanna/Caterina, +ante 1322.07.08. [61]

448 Burgund-Ivrea Fernando IV., „el Ajurno”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, * 1285.12.06., +1312.09.07.

449 Capet-Portugal Constance, * 1290.01.03., +1313.11.18., ES.II.T.39.

450 Capet-Portugal Alfonso IV., „el Bravo”, King of (Rey de) Portugal, * 1291.02.08., +1357.05.28. (Equal to 234, 236).

451 Burgund-Ivrea Beatriz/Beatrix, * 1293., +1359. (Equal to 235, 237, sister of 232). ES.II.T.66.

452 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilia Juan Manuel, „Senior”, Señor de Escalona, Penafiel y Villena, * 1234., +1283.12.25.

453 c. 1244 Savoya Beatrice/Beatrix, * 1292.02.23., ES.II.T.190.

454 Burgund-Ivrea-de-la-Cerda Fernando, „Junior”, * 1275., +1322.

455 Lara Nunez Juana, „la Palomilla”, * 1286., +1351., ES.III/1.T.123.

456 Barcelona-Aragon Jaime II., King of (Re d’) Aragon, Sicily/Sicilia, * 1267.08.10., +1327.11.02.

457 Capet-Anjou Blanca/Bianca, * 1280., +1310.10.14., ES.II.T.15.

458 Urgel-Entenza Gombaldo/Gombau, Baron of (Barone d’) Entenza, Lord of (Signore d’) Alcolea, * 1274., +1308 (1309?) 04.10.

459 Antillion y Cabrera Constanza, Countess of (Condesa de) Urgel, Heiress, * 1265., +1313., ES.III/1.T.135.

460 Barcelona-Sicilia Federigo, King of (Re di) Sicily/Sicilia (earlier: Barcelona-Aragon Fadrique, Infant of Aragon), *1272., +1337.06.25.

461 Capet-Anjou Eleonore, * 1289., +1341.08.09., (Sister of 457). ES.II.T.15.

462 Görz-Kärnten Otto II., Princely Count of (Gefürsteter Graf von) Görz, Tirol, Duke of (Herzog von) Kärnten, +1310.05.25.

463 Piast-Schlesien-Liegnitz Euphemia, +1347.06…., ES.III/1.T.9.

464 Burgund-Ivrea Sancho IV., „el Bravo”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, *1248., +1295.

465 1281 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilla/Castilia Maria Alfonsa, Lady of (Señora de) Molina, Mesa, * post 1260., +1321.07.01., Regent of Castilia. ES.III/1.T.127.

466 Capet-Portugal Diniz I., „el Justo”, King of (Rey de) Portugal, * 1261.10.09., +1325.01.07.

467 Barcelona-Aragon (Saint/Santa) Isabella, * 1271., +1336.07….., Canonized: 1625. ES.II.T.70.,71.

468 Capet-Portugal Diniz I., „el Justo”, King of (Rey de) Portugal, * 1261.10.09., +1325.01.07. (Equal to 466).

469 Barcelona-Aragon (Saint/Santa) Isabella, * 1271., +1336.07…., Canonized: 1625. ES.II.T.70.,71. (Equal to 467).

470 Burgund-Ivrea Sancho IV., „el Bravo”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, *1248., +1295. (Equal to 464).

471 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilla/Castilia Maria Alfonsa, Lady of (Señora de) Molina, Mesa, * post 1260., +1321.07.01., Regent of Castilia. ES.III/1.T.127. (Equal to 465).

472 Capet-Portugal Diniz I., „el Justo”, King of (Rey de) Portugal, * 1261.10.09., +1325.01.07., (Equal to 466, 468).

473 Barcelona-Aragon (Saint/Santa) Isabella, * 1271., +1336.07…., Canonized: 1625. ES.II.T.70.,71. (Equal to 467, 469).

474 Burgund-Ivrea Sancho IV., „el Bravo”, King of (Rey de) Castilia/Castilla, Leon, *1248., +1295. (Equal to 464, 470).

475 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilla/Castilia Maria Alfonsa, Lady of (Señora de) Molina, Mesa, * post 1260.,

+1321.07.01., Regent of Castilia. (Equal to 465, 471).

476 Castro Fernando Rodriguez/Ruiz, +1304/05.

477 Burgund-Ivrea-Castilla/Castilia Violante (illegitimate, later legitimized), * ante 1281., +post 1330.01., ES.III/3.T.532a.

478 (Uncertain) Valdares/Valladares Lorenzo Suarez

479 (Uncertain) de Chacin N. Núñez

480……511 N. N.

Additional references and notes (To Table 1)

Abbreviations:

LOM–Libro d’Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea

LM—Last modified

CH—Checked (by the Authors)

[1] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterar/Ruffo/Ruffo%20linee%20antiche.htm (LM 2021.06.24./CH 2022.12.16.)

[2] (a) Karácsonyi, János. (1900/2004). A magyar nemzetségek a XIV, század közepéig. [Hungarian clans to mid-XIV century, in Hung.] Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest, 1900, 2nd Reprint, Nap Kiadó, Budapest, 2004. pp. 436–46, 886–95.

(b) https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garai_Mikl%C3%B3s_(n%C3%A1dor,_%3F%E2%80%931386) (LM no date/CH 2022.11.25.)

(c) https://www.wikiwand.com/hu/Garai_Mikl%C3%B3s_(n%C3%A1dor,_%3F-1386) (LM no date/CH 2022.12.16.)

(d) Engel, Pál. 2003. Dorozsma. Középkori magyar genealógia. In: Arcanum DVD könyvtár, IV., Családtörténetek, heraldika, honismeret. [Dorozsma. Medieval Hungarian genealogy. In: Arcanum DVD library. IV. Family histories, heraldics, knowledge of country.] ISBN 963 9374 72 5. Budapest: Arcanum.

[3] LOM:

http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/SANSEVERINO/SANSEVERINO1.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.16.)

[4] LOM:

http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/SANSEVERINO/SANSEVERINO2.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.16.)

[5] See footnote [2] and (a) Árvai, Tünde. (2013). A házasságok szerepe a Garaiak hatalmi törekvéseiben [Role of the marriages in the ambitions for power of the Garai family, in Hung.]. In: Kor-szak-határ [Border of ages, in Hung.] (Fedeles, Tamás and Márta Font, Gergely Kiss, Eds.) Pécs: Pécsi Tudományegyetem. pp. 103–18.

(b) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_Garai#family (LM 2022.08.27/CH 2022.12.20.)

(c) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garai_family (including family tree)

(LM 2022.12.05./CH 2022.12.20.)

[6] (a) According to ES.I/1.T.32.: N. N.

(b) According to the following site: (2) wife, descendants legitimated in 1346.

http://w.genealogy.euweb.cz/welf/welf9.html (LM 2003.10.09./CH 2022.12.20.)

[7] https://www.geni.com/people/Bartolomea-Artus/6000000008592738795 (LM 2021.04.17./CH 2022.12.22.) [Bakay, Mária]

[8] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.22.)

[9] Matrimony with apostolic permission (con dipensa apostolica): 1365.03.24.

LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/SANSEVERINO/SANSEVERINO1.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.22.)

[10] Matrimony with benediction of the Pope, Innocenzo VI, (benedizione Papale), dated Avignon, 1360.04.19.

LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/sangineto.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.22.)

[11] Wertner, Mór. 1892. I. Az első Kórógyiak [The first Kórógyis. in Hung.]. Turul 10: 166–172.

[12] (a) Chiappini, Luciano. 1988. Gli Estensi. Varese: dall’ Oglio Editore, p. 58., Table VII.

(b) https://www.myheritage.hu/names/tobia_rangoni (LM no date/CH 2022.11.15.)

[13] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterar/Ruffo/Ruffo%20linee%20antiche.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.22.)

[14] According to geni.com she could have been: Scotto Giovanna

Capua Bartolomeo II was the second husband of Acciaiuoli Andreina, +post 1373., and she is named accordingly in this site:

https://www.geni.com/people/Andreina-di-Capua/6000000017561152537 (LM 2022.04.30./CH 2022.12.22.) [Farkas, Mihály László]

[15] https://www.geni.com/people/Hilaria-di-Lauria/6000000008772781005 (LM 2022.04.26./CH 2022.12.22.)

[16] (By her husband)

LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.23.)

[17] https://www.geni.com/people/Giovanna-Sanseverino/6000000015357707513 (LM 2016.11.29./CH 2022.12.23.)

[18] (By her husband)

LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/SANSEVERINO/SANSEVERINO1.htm (LM no date/2022.12.23.)

[19] (By her mother)

https://www.myheritage.hu/research?action=query&formId=master&formMode=1&qname=Name+fnmo.2+fnmsvos.1+fnmsmi.1+ln.Egidia%2F2Sorella+lnmo.4+lnmsdm.1+lnmsmf3.1+lnmsrs.1 (LM no date/CH 2022.12.23.)

[20] https://www.geni.com/people/Ilaria-Sanseverino-contessa-di-Corigliano/6000000021775917767 (LM 2022.04.29./CH 2022.12.09.)

[21] https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Castro [including family tree] (LM 2022.12.13./CH 2022.12.23.)

[22] (Niece of Fieschi Ottobuono = Pope Adrian V., Rendina, Claudio. 2013. I papi. Roma: Newton Compton Editori, pp. 396–98.)

Marek, Miroslaw: http://w.genealogy.euweb.cz/welf/welf8.html (LM 2003.10.09./CH 2022.12.09.) [Marek, Miroslaw]

[23] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteral/Lupis/Lupi_di_Soragna.html (LM no date/CH 2022.12.09.)

[24] (By her husband) Marek, Miroslav: http://w.genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/marzano.html (LM 2003.03.01./CH 2022.12.09.) ]

[25] (By her husband) https://www.geni.com/people/Francesca-Ruffo-dei-Signori-di-Luperzano/6000000001467754626 (LM 2022.04.26./CH 2022.12.09.)

[26] (a) De Lellis, Carlo. (1654). Discorsi delle famiglie nobili del Regno di Napoli. Vol. 1. Napoli: Onofrio Salvio, pp. 101–51.

(b) https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantelmo (including family tree) (LM no date/CH 2022.12.09.)

[27] https://gw.geneanet.org/cvpolier?lang=en&n=de+pazzi&oc=0&p=guglielmina (LM no date/CH 2022.12.09.) [Polier, Christoph Graf von]

[28] (By her husband)

http://gw.geneanet.org/azerty7?lang=en&pz=eloi&nz=lecomte&p=isnarda+isolda&n=de+courban [Lecomte,Gilles] (LM no date/CH 2023.04.26)

[29](By her husband)

https://www.geni.com/people/Margherita-Lancia/6000000009200048751 (LM 2022.06.24./CH 2022.12.18.) [Trufello Gándara, Pablo]

[30] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.23.)

[31] Göbbels, Joachim. 1990. Delli Monti, Ludovico. In: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 38.

https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovico-delli-monti_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ (LM 1990/CH 2022.12.22.)

[32] https://www.geni.com/people/Giacoma-Giovanna-dell-Aquila/6000000075679912258 (LM 2022.04.28./CH 2022.12.22.) [Cicogna Mozzoni, Francesco Maria]

[33] https://www.geni.com/people/Giovannella-della-Leonessa/6000000001468743288 (LM 2022.05.03./CH 2022.12.10.)

[34] (By her husband) https://www.geni.com/people/Giacoma-Sanseverino-signora-di-Monteserico-e-di-Genzano-di-Lucania/6000000015300249001 (LM 2020.03.04./CH 2022.12.24.) [Homs, George J.]

[35] See footnote [8]

[36] (a) Ammirato, Scipione. 1580. Delle famiglie nobili napoletane. Vol. 1. Firenze: Giorgio Marescotti, pp. 8–10.

(b) https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_II_Sanseverino (LM 2022.08.13./CH 2022.12.24.)

[37] https://www.geni.com/people/Egidia-Sorella-signora-di-Mignano/6000000000578933042 (LM 2022.04.28./CH 2022.12.24.)

[38] (By her husband)

LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/sangineto.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.09.15.)

[39] (By her husband)

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castro (LM 2022.12.10./CH 2022.12.24.)

[40] According to ES.I/1.T.32.: N. N.

According to

Chiappini, Luciano. 1988. Gli Estensi. Varese: dall’Oglio Editore. Table V.: da Romano Adelasia, c. 1233., Daughter of da Romano Alberico.

[41] Related Popes: Fieschi Sinibaldo, Pope Innocenzo IV, 1243–1254., Fieschi Ottobono, Pope Adriano V, 38 days in 1276.

Rendina, Claudio. 2013. I papi. Roma: Newton Compton Editori. pp. 378–83, 396–98.

[42] https://gw.geneanet.org/fcicogna?lang=it&n=rangoni&oc=0&p=guglielmo (LM no date/CH 2022.12.24.) [Cicogna Mozzoni, Francesco Maria]

[43] (a) http://nobili-napoletani.it/Marzano.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.24.)

(b) https://www.geni.com/people/Goffredo-signore-di-Dragone/6000000111587567823 (LM 2022.04.28./CH 2022.12.24.) [Moncada di Paternò, Antonio]

[44] (By her husband)

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_di_Capua (LM 2022.05.22./CH 2022.12.24.)

[45] (By her husband)

https://www.geni.com/people/Giovanna-Ruffo/6000000003827429741 (LM 2022.04.27./CH 2022.12.25.)

[46] https://www.myheritage.hu/names/corrado_di%20licinardo (LM no date/CH 2022.12.25.)

[47] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.25.)

[48] LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letteras/di%20Sangro/DE%20SANGRO.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.25.)

[49] https://www.geni.com/people/Bella-d-Amico/6000000003827787866 (LM 2022.04.26./CH 2022.12.25.) [Argiroffi, Claudio Adriano]

[50] (a) LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH. 2022.12.25.)

Maybe, the matrimony was annulled before it could have been consumed. Then 407 could have been N. N.

(b) https://www.geni.com/people/Galeotto-Lancia-conte-di-Atri/6000000008818330377 (LM 2022.04.28./CH 2022.12.18.) [Truffello Gándara, Pablo]

According to this site Galeotto Lancia had not a daughter named Margherita.

(c) https://www.geni.com/people/Margherita-Lancia/6000000009200048751 (LM 2022.06.24./CH 2022.12.18.) [Truffello Gándara, Pablo]

This site states, that the parents of Margherita Lancia were Lancia Federico, Count of (Conte di) Squilace and N. Gertrude and this Margherita Lancia was the wife of Roger Lauria.

[51] (By her husband)

LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.18.)

[52] (By her husband)

(a) LOM: http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.18.)

(b) https://www.geni.com/people/Maria-d-Aquino/6000000075681949995 (LM 2018.09.14./CH 2023.01.02.) [Cicogna Mozzoni, Francesco Maria]

[53] http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.18.)

[54] (a) See footnote 45 and

(b) http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/d’Aquino-antico.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.18.)

[55] (Daughter of Stendardo Guglielmo II and Aquino Giovanna.)

(a) https://www.myheritage.hu/research?action=query&formId=master&formMode=1&qname=Name+fnmo.2+fnmsvos.1+fnmsmi.1+ln.Isabella%2F1Stendardo+lnmo.4+lnmsdm.1+lnmsmf3.1+lnmsrs.1 (LM no date/CH 2022.12.25.)

(b) http://fabpedigree.com/s031/f415149.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.25.)

[56] See footnote 36

[57] https://www.geni.com/people/Aquilina-Sancia-signora-di-Monteserico-e-di-Genzano/6000000025167364899 (LM 2020.03.04./CH 2022.12.25.) [Catalano, Alessandro]

[58] https://www.geni.com/people/Alburia-della-Marra-Elvira/6000000029423865050 (LM 2022.04.26./CH 2022.12.25.)

[59] https://www.geni.com/people/Guida-di-Dragoni/6000000021807306088 (LM 2022.04.28./CH 2022.12.25.)

[60] https://gw.geneanet.org/fcicogna?lang=cs&pz=francesco+maria&nz=cicogna+mozzoni&ocz=1&p=giovanna&n=della+marra&oc=1 (LM no date/CH 2023.04.26.) [Cicogna Mozzoni, Francesco Maria]

[61] (a) http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterad/d’aquino/Aquino-Belcastro.htm (LM no date/CH 2022.12.25.)

(b) https://finnholbek.dk/familygroup.php?familyID=F30688&tree=2 (LM 2006.04/2022.12.25.)

(c) See also 16.

(Text of the article continues here below)

The person under no. 16, is her paternal great-great grandfather, bearing the paternal descendance of the Frangepáns (however, without information about the origins of the wives under 33, 65, 129 and 257, knowing only the given names of these people). The uncertainty of the nationality of the paternal line was already mentioned, because of the absence of a link to one of the clans of the early Croatian history, thus the eventual Illirian origin of the Frangepáns can not be deduced from the available data (Sokcsevits 2011; Pályi et al. 2021).

The background of the wife of János Frangepán (Anna Görz-Tirol, under 17, V 1984, ES.III/1.T.44) is well documented: here, except two Polish (274 and 275) ancestors and at least one Italian (286) with an unknown partner (287), the progenitors appear to be of German origin.

The family background of the paternal great grandmother (9) of Beatrix Frangepán, that is those under 18 and 19 and their ascendants, appear to be of relatively pure Hungarian origin, even if most remained unknown, but considering that both the families of 18 and 19 (Dorozsma and Pécz: Karácsonyi [1900] 2004) were from the highest elite of Hungary in the 11–14 centuries, it can be reasonably supposed that at least the majority of the 32 people, 288 to 319, were of Hungarian origin. However, according to a study from the end of the 19th century, the Kórógyi family (75–150–300) could have been of (immigrant) German origin (Wertner 1892).

The Este family (paternal grandmother, 5) and ascending 10, 20 as well as following 40, 80, 160 and 320 bear the heritage of the Welfs, which appears to be “German”; however, whether this means Frankish or Alamanish origin is still in discussion (Fleckenstein 1957; Hartung 1998; Schneidmüller 2000; Vogtherr 2014). The wives (partners) of these Welf-descendents bear Italian names, as far as they can be identified.

On the mother’s side of Beatrix Frangepán, one finds, first of all, the paternal line of the Marzano family from 3 to 24 and further 48, 96, 192 to 384, as a typical Italian family from the Kingdom of Naples, and their origin can be traced back to Marzano di Nola (Nola is 26 km from Naples) and Tufara, which lies somewhat more distant (100 km) (Schwennicke 1983, ES.III/3.T.551), starting in the social hierarchy as sailors, and soon ascending to the rank of Grand Admirals of the Kingdom of Naples in three subsequent generations. These outstanding services brought highly respected titles to the Marzanos, until the father (M. Marino, 6) of Princess Aloysia/Luisa (3) became the 1st Prince of Rossano, 3rd Duke of Sessa, 1st Duke of Squilace (his father was 5th Count of this last township) and, following his forefathers, served as the Grand Admiral of the Kingdom. These high ranks were accompanied by aristocratic marriages. These marriages typically involved three important families, Sanseverino (25 to 400, as well as 27 to 432, but also in the higher generations: 53 to 424, 105 to 420, 111 to 444), Ruffo (13 to 416 and 97 to 388) and Aquino (51 to 408, 103 to 412, 205 to 410, 213 to 426, 223 to 446, 389, 401, 407, 415, 417, 427 and 433). This, at first sight, appears to be a uniform descendance from South Italy, but it should be taken into account that the Sanseverino family is of Normann origin (Mastronardi 1986; Del Regno 1991; Della Monica 1998; Ciorciari 2011; Shama and Elia 2020), the origin of the Ruffos is subject to discussion (Roman, Byzantine or Normann roots are supposed, Gioffrè 2010; Ruffo 2016; Calabrese 2018; Pályi et al. 2021), while the tradition of the Aquinos points at a Longobard/Langobard (Scandone 1908; Di Muro 2010; Gasparri 2012; Indelli 2017) origin for the family. Families appearing at lower points or in higher generations (e.g., Lauria at 101 to 404 and 425 or della Marra at 435 and 443) might be of similarly divergent “Italian” background.

The “royal” progenitors of Beatrix Frangepán again show a fairly mixed picture (and different from the previously discussed lines). The nearest two lines (14 to 448, 29 to 464) and several additional ascendances (113 to 452, 227 to 454, 235 to 470, 237 to 474, 465, 471, 475 and 477) are branches of the same family, called the Burgund-Ivrea dynasty (Schwennicke 1984, ES.II.T.59), which can be traced back to Karoling times to a certain Amadeus, Count of Oscheret (c. 790 to 867), who is believed to be of Bavarian origin, but their later locations of activity include what are now France, Spain and Portugal, while Ivrea is in North-West Italy (Wickham 1981).

Another major contribution to the royal ascendence is provided by branches of the Capeting family, which can be traced back to the Meroving times (Schwennicke 1984, ES.II.T.10) and is hypothesized as being of Frankish (from Neustria) origin (Pfister 1911; Bord and Pinoteau 1980; Pinoteau 1982; Atsma 1989; Settipani and van Kerrebrouck 1993). Capetings are found in the following positions: 59 to 472, 117 to 468, 225 to 450, 233 to 466, 449, 457, 461, and 471.

An additional important component of this group of progenitors is the dynasty of the Counts of Barcelona (Schwennicke 1984, ES.II.T.68), occupying positions 57 to 456, 115 to 460, 467 and 469, adding a South-French kinship to the picture. The family is from (traced back to) Carcassone (d’Abdal de Vinyals [1958] 1991; Marek 2002). Carcassone lies South-East from Toulouse (93.4 km), in the Region of Occitanie. The inhabitants of this region were/are mostly of Romanized Gallic origin (Lavelle 2004).

The picture of the “royal” ascendants is completed by a few important Spanish families as Lara (455) (Salazar y Castro [1694] 1697; Doubleday 2004), Urgel-Entenza (229 to 458) (Fernandez-Xesta y Vázquez 2001), Antillion y Cabrera (459), Castro de Lemos (119 to 476) (Lopes 1735; Braamcamp 1921; Salazar y Acha 2008) and Valdares (239). Signs of international, political marriages can also be found: Savoya from South-East France (453) (Schwennicke 1984, ES.II.T.190), Görz-Tirol-Kärnten (231 to 462) [the only “overlapping” with German ancestors from the Frangepán-derived progenitors, 17 to 272] (Schwennicke 1984, ES.III/1.T.44) and Piast-Silesia-Liegnitz (463) (Schwennicke 1984, ES.III/1.T.9) of Polish (Bogucki 2016) origin.

Studying the traces of these very divergent ascendances by archaeogenetic analysis represents a fairly complicated but interesting challenge to this new branch of history. Genealogies of people such as Beatrix Frangepán, who had relatively well-documented progenitors within the starting nine generations, as it was explored in the present study, could provide useful auxiliary datasets for DNA studies. With the rapid development of these molecular archaeogenetic studies (e.g., Orlando et al. 2021), it can be expected that the genetic investigations could give a very reliable background for open questions of historic research, such as recently in the DNA profiling of King Béla III (Olasz et al. 2019), proving the identity of the relic of King Saint László I of Hungary (Varga et al. 2023), the identification of the remains of English King Richard III (King et al. 2014) or of the first English “Samurai” (Mizuno et al. 2020), the analysis of the remains of the family of the last Tzar of Russia (Rogaev et al. 2009; Andreeva et al. 2021) or the determination of the identity of a mysterious mummy in Basel’s Barfüsserkirche (Wurst et al. 2022). These studies can also provide far-reaching “secondary” information about questions such as the formation of modern nations and/or migration of their forefathers (e.g., Feldman et al. 2021; Nagy et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2021; Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022; Maróti et al. 2022; Szeifert et al. 2022; Wen et al. 2022; Bánfai et al. 2023; Borbély et al. 2023). It would be highly interesting if the grave of Beatrix Frangepán could be found and DNA analysis of her remains could be performed.

According to contemporary reports and archaeological research during the last two centuries, she was buried in the Church of the Franciscan Monastery in Gyula (Province Békés, Hungary) (Szerémi 1857; Krisztik [1890] 1891; Szatmári 1994; Liska 2013, 2015, 2017; Halmágyi 2020). Recent research in 2017 found two graves near the principal altar in this church. After earlier attempts, these burial vaults were explored by cautious excavation down to their pavements. The upper layers were recent trash, but near to the bottom, layers had been found which were characterized by Medieval ceramic fragments. In these layers, animal bones and also fragments of human bones had been found. These latter bones, after a preliminary anthropological investigation (Mende 2017), are now stored in the Ferenc Erkel Regional Museum in Gyula. It is still to be established whether these bones are suitable for DNA studies and whether there is a possibility for assigning these to Beatrix Frangepán. The walls of these burial vaults are walled up by bricks, which are from the earlier restoration attempts in the higher levels, but the lower level and bottom bricks are of medieval origin and in relatively good condition. The photographs of these graves, taken by one of the authors (A.L) during the 2017 excavations, are shown in Figure 1.

Archaeogenetic studies of Beatrix Frangepán (or one of her closest relatives) could add important details to the genealogy of her (their) kindred, the last members of the Hunyadi family as well as of several other families of the Hungarian–Croatian Kingdom descending (Vajay 1943; Pályi et al. 2021, pp. 129–37) from the Frangepáns.

3. Background Concepts

Following the advice of two anonymous referees, we explain two somewhat less commonly known concepts here.

3.1. Numbering the Ascendants in Table 1

The ascendents of Beatrix Frangepán in Table 1 have been numbered following the so-called “Ahnentafel” method, which can be traced back to the 16th century (Eytzinger 1590; de Sosa 1676; Kekulé von Stradonitz 1904; Gautier 2008). In this method, the Root Person (RP) is given the number 1, his/her father is given the number 2, his/her mother is given the number 3. The father of 2 is given the number 4, the paternal grandmother of the RP is given the number 5, the father of 3 is given the number 6, his wife (the maternal grandmother of the RP) is given the number 7. This numbering follows as 8 for the paternal-paternal grand-grandfather, 9 for his wife, 10 for the father of 5, 11 for his wife, 12 for the maternal-paternal grand-grandfather, 13 for his wife, 14 for the father of the maternal grandmother and 15 the wife of this last person, etc. Generally speaking, the numbers indicating the parents of Person N are indicated by the numbers 2N and 2N + 1. These relations can be presented in various forms of linear or circular diagrams; however, this seemed the most practical to present the ancestors of Beatrix Frangepán in the form of listing the progenitors according to the rules described above as a list from 1 (B. F.) to her maternal-maternal-…, etc., and her foremother, under number 511. A scheme containing only these numbers for the initial six generations is shown under the headline of Table 1. This table makes the interrelations of the numbers of the progenitors more visible (a similar table containing all of the nine generations could not be presented/printed because of the length of the highest rows, 7, 8 and 9).

3.2. Archaeogenetics

Archaeogenetics is a sector of applied molecular biology which deals with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis from the remains of earlier living beings (plants, animals, and humans). This method experimentally analyzes the sequences of ancient DNA, which can be extracted from the remains of earlier living beings (tissues, bones, etc.). The experimentally observed data are then mathematically analyzed, which enables obtaining characteristic patterns of distribution of the (elementary, four) nucleobases along the analyzed DNA macromolecule.

The exceptional sensitivity and specificity of the distribution picture of DNA sequences obtained by this analysis enables deducing several kinds of information regarding the evolution of living beings, migration of groups of animals or of humans, as well as inter-species or individual vs. individual kinship (e.g., Ramstetter et al. 2017) relations.

This, relatively new discipline started in the last decades of the 20th century (e.g., Cavalli-Sforza 1994). Its denomination is presently stabilized as archaeogenetics (Renfrew and Boyle 2000), but palaeogenetics is also used by some authors, even recently (e.g., Brandt et al. 2014; Richards et al. 2016). Where it applies to humans, it is also recognized as molecular anthropology (e.g., Caramelli 2009). The experimental and theoretical background of the method became quickly more and more efficient, so that it is today a well-established auxiliary science of historical research (Morozova et al. 2016; Nyerki et al. 2023).

4. Data Acquisition

Genealogical data were obtained primarily from the excellent series Europäische Stammtafeln, Neue Folge (ES) of Detlev Schwennicke. These data have been complemented by additional facts taken from printed and online literature. In the case of differences, ES always was accepted as a decisive source. Additional sources have been given in the list of references and in the footnotes of Table 1.