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Article

King Béla III of the Árpád Dynasty and Byzantium—Genealogical Approach

by
Klára Berzeviczy
1 and
Gyula Pályi
2,*
1
Institute of Central European Studies, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Mikszáth Kálmán tér 1, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
2
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 183, I-41125 Modena, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genealogy 2022, 6(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040093
Submission received: 22 September 2022 / Revised: 8 December 2022 / Accepted: 9 December 2022 / Published: 15 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Researching Families: The Challenges of Evidence, Documentation, and Methodology in Family History and Genealogical Studies)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Béla III from the Árpád dynasty, who later became the King of Hungary and Croatia, was previously the heir to the Byzantine Imperial Throne. Some genealogical aspects of this unusual individual are collected in the present study. Possible archaeogenetic relevance is also discussed.

1. Introduction

The dynasty of the descendants of Grand Prince Árpád (* c. 845, +907, ES.II.T.153, Sokop 1993; Kristó and Makk 1996; Engel 2001; Glatz 2006; Szabados 2013) established and ruled a stable state in the Carpathian Basin for almost a half millennium, from the 9th century to the beginning of 14th century AD (Hóman and Szekfű 1928–1934; Hóman [1940] 1943). One of the most outstanding monarchs in this period was Béla III (* 1148/50, + 1196.04.23, ES.II.T.154/155, Benda 1983; Baják 2021). He was the second-born son of King Géza II (* c. 1130, + 1182.05.03, ES.II.T.154) and the great-great grandson of King Géza I/Magnus (* 1044/45, +1077.04.25/28, ES.II.T.154, Vajay 2006; Zsoldos 2022).
However, from the younger brother of Géza I another line of descendants began through King (Saint) László I (* c. 1040, +1095.06.20/07.29. ES.II.T.154), who was the father of Princess Piroska/(Saint) Eirene (+1134.08.13), who married Emperor Ioannes II of Byzantium (* 1087/88, +1143.04.08. ES.II.T.175) from the Komnenos dynasty. Their son, Emperor Manuel I (* 1118, +1180.09.24, ES.II.T.175, Magdalino 1993) was, thus, a close relative of the Hungarian ruling dynasty. However, for several years, Emperor Manuel I did not have a son who could have been his heir. Considering this circumstance, in the second year of his second matrimony (1163), when he was already 45 years old, Manuel adopted Prince Béla, the second-born son of his close relative, King Géza II of Hungary (Béla was the great-great grandson of the brother of Manuel’s maternal grandfather: these relations are schematically shown in Chart A1). At this time (1163) Hungary was ruled by King István III (* 1147, +1172.03.04, ES.II.T.154), who was only one or two years older than Béla, and, thus, the departure of the younger brother would avoid the possibility of (eventual) discordances of power.
Following the adoption agreement (Kristó and Makk 1981; Moravcsik 1988; Olajos 2015; Baják 2015, 2021), Béla, who was 13–15 years old at this time, went to Constantinople and soon became despotes (a title coined for his particular role in the Empire), and obtained an intensive and thorough education as the heir to the imperial throne (Makk 1982, 1985, 1989; Treadgold 1997; Ostrogorsky 2003; Baják 2015, 2021). Béla became engaged to one of the daughters of Manuel I (Komnena Maria, * 1152, +1182). A couple of years later, in the 8th year of the second matrimony of Manuel I, a son was born to the Emperor who later became Emperor Komnenos Alexios II, (* 1169.09.14, ES.II.T.175). Béla, who was then already 19–21 years old recognized the delicate “dimensions” of the situation (perhaps following the advice of his adoptive father), renounced of all his byzantine ranks, broke off his engagement, and came back to Hungary (Kristó and Makk 1981; Makk 1989; Kristó and Makk 1996). Fate was that his older brother, King István III, died at the age of 25 roughly 2 years later (+1172. ES.II.T.154) without having a son and, consequently, he was followed by Béla III, as King of Hungary and Croatia for a relatively long period of 24 years. Béla’s personal talent, as well as his knowledge and experience in state matters from his byzantine years, made this quarter of a century one of the most successful periods of the approximately 1000 years history of the Hungarian/Croatian monarchy in the Carpathian Basin.
The exceptionally successful reign of King Béla III, as well as the fortunate (and rare) circumstance that his grave could be identified by a very high degree of certainty (Érdy 1853; Forster 1900; Kristó and Makk 1981; Engel 1987; Éry 2008; Szabados 2016; Olasz et al. 2019), put him in the focus of recent historical literature (Kristó 2007; Baják 2015; Kozsdi 2017; Baják 2021; Kanyó 2021) and archaeogenetic research (Olasz et al. 2019; Nagy et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2021). Both the historical and archaeogenetic approaches can be usefully complemented by genealogical studies of Béla’s ancestors.

2. Results and Discussion

The principal goal of the present work was to collect available data on the progenitors of Béla III up to the 7th generation (including himself) as shown in Table A1, Chart A3 and Supplementary Materials. This effort yielded the following results:
(a)
Árpád Béla III, the son of Árpád Géza II (ES.II.T.154), a Magyar/Hungarian father and a Rurik-Kiev mother (Euphrosyna Mstislava, ES.II.T.135). At this level, he can be regarded as being apparently a 50—50% descendant of Hungarian and Rurik/Viking (Varangian-Rus) (Franklin and Shephard 1996; Raffensperger and Ingham 2007; Magocsi 2010; Häkkinen 2012; Volkov and Seslavin 2019) parents.
(b)
The situation becomes more complicated in the 5th generation. Here, from the 16 possible great-great grandfathers and -mothers, 10 (62.50%) are known. From the 10 known progenitors we found the highest number, 4 (40.00%), to be of Byzantine progenitors, together with 2 (20.00%) from the Rurik (Varangian-Rus) family, and an additional 2 (20.00%) from Anglo-Saxon families, as well as 1—1 (10.00% each) of Hungarian and Serbian origins.
(c)
At the 7th generation, from the possible 64 progenitors, 33 (51.57%) are known. From these 33 persons, the predominant majority (11/33.33%) were Byzantine, followed by 5 (15.15%) Anglo-Saxon, 3—3 (9.09% each) Varangian-Rus and Swedish, 2—2—2—2 (6.06% each) Armenian, Bulgarian, German-Frankish, and Polish, as well as by 1—1 (3.03% each) Bosnian and Serbian ancestors, together with the representative of the Hungarian paternal line: 1 (3.03%).
This fairly complicated picture of the origins of the progenitors, however, permits some interesting consequences:
(α)
Moving further back in time, the “original” Asiatic lineages (Nagy et al. 2021) brought by the paternal forefathers, together with those of the Hungarian conquerors, becomes more “diluted” by the politically induced inter-dynastic marriages (obviously: in genealogical tables of ascendence, as Table A1, this effect is observed going “back” in time). Very recently, in the archaeogenetic DNA study of samples obtained from the bones of Árpád (Saint) László I (ES.II.T.154, Kristóf et al. 2017; Varga et al. 2022), the brother of the great-great grandfather of Béla III and, thus, who appears five generations earlier in the family tree of the Árpáds (ES.II.T.153/155, Glatz 2006; Zsoldos 2022; see also Chart A1), the typical “Árpád” (Asiatic) elements in the DNA (Olasz et al. 2019; Nagy et al. 2021) of King (Saint) László I were found to be more concentrated (Varga et al. 2022) than those in the samples obtained from the bones of King Béla III.
(β)
The most characteristic example of the influence of the trans-continental inter-dynastic marriages appeared as the relatively high proportion of (well-documented, e.g., Sisam 1953; Bassett 1989; Yorke 1995; Baxter 2007) five Anglo-Saxon progenitors (15.15% from the known persons). Interestingly, this is not a unique example of such “long-distance” marriages between the Árpáds and the Anglo-Saxon Wessex-England dynasty (Cornides 1778; Malcolmes 1937; Fest [1940] 2020; Pályi 2022).
(γ)
Perhaps the most interesting result of the present study is that the Byzantine progenitors were represented already in the 5th generation by a high percentage (40.00% of the 11 known persons), which also remained high in the 7th generation: 33.33% of the known persons (33), but still 17.19% of all possible (64) ancestors. This situation can perhaps be experimentally demonstrated if a characteristic “Byzantine” DNA fragment could be identified (this option, however, still needs much work: e.g., Ottoni et al. 2011; Yardumian and Schurr 2011). On the other hand, the multi-sided Byzantine kinship of Prince Béla could have been known to Emperor Manuel I and his advisers, when he/they reached the very unusual decision to, as, heir of the imperial throne, invite a member of a foreign dynasty, even if this family was closely related to the ruling Emperor.
King Béla III maintained good relations with the Byzantine Empire (Makk 1989) during most of his reign. This tendency was mutual (Kapitánffy 2010). These Hungarian/Byzantine relations could have been the results of wise political considerations, but certainly it also had roots in the warm personal attachment to his adoptive father, Emperor Manuel I. As far as it is known, Béla was an obedient and diligent “student” in the difficult one-person school, which was designed to prepare him for the leadership of one of the most important states in Europe and, moreover, it appeared that he had an attractive personality. The good relations between adopted son and father were apparently reciprocal: for example, a few years after Béla left Constantinople, Manuel mediated Béla’s marriage (1172) with his second wife’s half-sister (Agnes/Anna Chȃtillon-sur-Loing-Antioch, +1184, ES.III/1.T.154) as shown in Chart A2.
The Árpád dynasty always laid emphasis on the equilibrated relations towards both East and West during the entirety of its long reign. These relations were also “materialized” in marriages, as it can be seen in Table A1 and Chart A1 earlier in this paper. These types of East-West connections within Béla III’s progenitors were not an exception, as mentioned earlier. Additional examples can be found in the imminent kindred of Béla III. The ascendants of the wife of Béla’s elder brother King István III, was Babenberg Agnes (* c. 1151, +1182.01.13, ES.I/1.T.84), the daughter of Babenberg Heinrich II “Jasomirgott”, Markgrave, and later (1156) the Duke (Herzog) of Austria (Österreich) and Bavaria (Bayern) and his wife Komnena Theodora/Gertrud (+1183, ES.II.T.175). Moreover, Komnena Theodora was, on her father’s side, the granddaughter of Emperor Komnenos Ioannes II and Árpád Piroska/(Saint) Eirene (parents of Manuel I, Chart A1). The younger brother of Kings István III and Béla III, Prince Géza, who—most probably with the intention to avoid heredity conflicts emigrated to Byzantium—married a “Byzantine Princess”, while the sisters of these men married in this sense: Ilona became wife of Duke Leopold V of Austria (Babenberg, +1199, ES.I/1.T.84), the brother of Agnes von Babenberg, mentioned above, while Margit married the prominent Byzantine Isakios Makrodukas in her first matrimony. In the next generation, Ilona became mother-in-law of Theodora Angelina, wife of Leopold VI of Austria (Babenberg), daughter of Emperor Alexios III Angelos (+1211) and Euphrosyna Dukaina Kamaterina (ES.II.T.179). Furthermore, it could be mentioned that Theodora Angelina was the sister of Emperor Isakios II Angelos (+1204), the husband of Princess Mária-Margit, daughter of King Béla III, in her first matrimony (ES.II.T.155).
After the death of his first wife in 1184, King Béla III tried again in 1185 a matrimony with the Komnenos family; he made an offer to marry a niece of Manuel I, Theodora Komnene (the widow of Andronikos Lapardas), who was nun in a convent, but this initiative became unsuccessful since Princess Theodora, as a nun, needed permission from the religious authorities of Byzantium and this was not given to her (Stiernon 1966; Moravcsik 1988, p. 256; Makk 1989, p. 119; Baják 2021, p. 63).
These family relations had been built intentionally by the leaders of the interested countries, no doubt aiming to stabilize international relations in Central and Eastern Europe. International marriages between ruling families were an important method of the stabilization of relations between states until fairly recently (ca. XIXth century). In the 3rd millennium this became no more usual, even if now (September 2022) the peaceful stabilisation of international contacts would be highly desirable.
Presently, in the age of modern genetics, genealogy remained one of the important tools of historical research. The greatest advantage of genealogy is that it is (usually) based on written documentation. Unfortunately, travelling back further into the past, primary written documentation of dates, persons, events, and circumstances is getting more sporadic. On the other hand, the relatively new method of archaeogenetics (e.g., Nicholls 2005; Pickrell and Reich 2014; Morozova et al. 2016; Pamjav and Krizsán 2020) is much less “time-sensitive” if suitable samples for good quality DNA analysis could be obtained. From a different viewpoint, one could say that genealogy might give archaeogenetic research new directions (e.g., Neparáczki et al. 2019; Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2021, 2022; Szeifert et al. 2022; Varga et al. 2022), as well as that archaeogenetic studies can provide a reliable tool for the control of results based on genealogical studies (e.g., Dissing et al. 2007; Rogaev et al. 2009; King et al. 2014; Olalde et al. 2014; Neparáczki et al. 2022).

3. Data Acquisition

Genealogical data were obtained primarily from the excellent series Europäische Stammtafeln. Neue Folge (ES) of Detlev Schwennicke. These data have been complemented by additional facts taken from printed and Internet literature. In case of differences, always ES was accepted as the decisive source. Additional sources have been given as footnotes in Table A1.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genealogy6040093/s1.

Author Contributions

The authors contributed to the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge advices obtained from Péter Szabadhegÿ (Budapest) and from two anonymous Referees of Genealogy.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Genealogy 06 00093 ch0a1 550
Chart A1.
Chart A1.
Genealogy 06 00093 ch0a1
Genealogy 06 00093 ch0a2 550
Chart A2.
Chart A2.
Genealogy 06 00093 ch0a2
Genealogy 06 00093 ch0a3 550
Chart A3. Distribution statistics of the known ancestors of King Béla III.
Chart A3. Distribution statistics of the known ancestors of King Béla III.
Genealogy 06 00093 ch0a3
Table
Table A1. Árpád Béla III, 7th-generation chart.
Table A1. Árpád Béla III, 7th-generation chart.
1 Árpád Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia, * (1148/50), +1196.04.23, 1163–69: Heir to the Emperor of Byzantium, 1172: King. ES.II.T.154.
2 Árpád Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia, * (1130), +1182.05.03.
3 Rurik-Kiev Euphrosina Mstislava, +1186. ES.II.T.135.
4 Árpád Béla II, “the Blind”, King of Hungary and Croatia, * (1109), +1141.02.13.
5 1127.04.29. (Nemanjić) Jelena/Ilona, +after 1146. ES.III/1.T.181. 1,2
6 Rurik-Kiev Mstislav II Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev, * 1076, +1132.04.15.
7 Saviditsova/Zavidich N. (Lyubava?) Dmitrieva, + after 1168, ES.II.T.135. 3
8 Árpád Álmos, Hungarian Prince, King of Croatia, * (1068), +1129.
9 Rurik-Kiev Predeslava Svyatopolkovna, ES.II.T.130.
10 (Nemanjić) Uros I, Duke of Serbia (Hung, later Byzantine vasall), * (1080.), +after 1130.
11 Diogenissa Anna 4
12 Rurik-Kiev (Saint) Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomaches, Grand Prince of Kiev, * 1053, +1125.05.19.
13 (1) Wessex-England Gythe ES.II.T.78.
14 Savidich/Zavidich Dimitrij, nobelman of Novgorod, +1167.
15 N. N.
16 Árpád Géza I /Magnus, * King of Hungary, 1044/45, +1077.04.25.
17 1065/73 (2) Synadena N. 1074: Queen, 1080: goes back to Byzantinum (according to ES.II.T.154.), * 1058.05.12, +1082.12.20. 5,6,7
18 Rurik-Kiev Svyatopolk II Michail Iziaslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, * 1050.11.08, +1113.04.16.
19 (1) N. N. (concubine)
20 (Nemanjić) N. (Marko?)
21 N. N.
22 Diogenes Konstantinos, + (battle) 1074.
23 Komnene Theodora (sister of Emperor Komnenos Alexios I), ES.II.T.174.
24 Rurik-Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, +1093.04.13.
25 Monomaches Maria, +1067. 8,9
26 Wessex-England Harold, King of England, * (1020), +(battle) 1066.10.14.
27 Mercia Ealgydth/Edith, +1066.10.14, ES.II.T.78. 10
28 …… 31 N. N.
32 Árpád Béla I, King of Hungary, +1063.12 …
33 Piast Ryksa/Richeisa, * (1018.), +after 1059. ES.II.T.120.
34 Synadenos Theodoulos, Byzantine military officer, * ca. 1020, +1050. 2
35 (2) Botaneiataina/Botaneiatissa N. (Sister of Emperor Botaneiates Nikephoros III, 1002–1081, Emp.: 1078.01.07–1081.04.01) 11,12
36 Rurik-Kiev Izaislav I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, +(battle) 1078.10.03.
37 Piast Gertruda, +1108.01.04, ES.II.T.120.
38 N. N.
39 N. N.
40 (Nemanjić) N. (Petrislav?, assumed: son of Liubomir, Grand Župan and Bosnia N.)
41 …… 43 N. N.
44 Diogenes Romanos IV, Byzantine Emperor, * c. 1030, +(blinded) 1072.08.04. 13, Emp.: 1068–1071.
45 (1) Cometopuli N (Anna?). (daughter of C. Alusian from Bulgaria)
46 Komnenos Ioannes, patrikios, kuroplates, +1067.07.12.
47 1042 Charon-Dalassene Anna, Regent of the Byzantine Empire, * c.1025,+(nun) 1100/1101.
48 Rurik-Kiev Yaroslav I Vladimirovich “the Wise”, Grand Prince of Kiev, * (978)/980, +1054.02.20.
49 Sweden Ingegerd/Anna, +1050.02.10. ES.II.T.114.
50 Monomachos Konstantinos IX, Byzantine Emperor, * 1000, +1055.01.11, Emp.: 1042.06.11–1055.01.11. 14,15
51 ante 1025. (1) Skeraina N. (Maria/Elena?), * 1001, +1033/45.
52 Wessex Godwin, Earl of Wessex, +1053.04.15. 16,17,18
53 Sparkalegg Gytha Torkelsdottir, ES.II.T.78. 19
54 Mercia Alfgar, Earl of Mercia and of East Anglia, + c. 1060.
55 Malet Aelfgifu (Sister of M. William, Lord of Eye)
56 …… 63 N. N.
64 Árpád Vazul/Vászoly, Hungarian Prince, +(blinded) 1037. Spring, ES.II.T.153.
65 Cometopuli N. katun, ES.II.T.168. 20
66 Piast Mieszko I (II?) Lambert, King of Poland, * 990, +1034.05.10.
67 Ezzonen-Lothringen Richeza, +1063.03.22, ES.I/2.T.201.
68 Synadenos N.
69 N. N.
70 Botaneiates Nikephoros
71 Dukaina N. (Sister of Emperor Dukas Michael VII, +1090, daughter of Emperor D. Konstantinos X, +1067.05.22. and Makrembolitissa Eudokia) ES.II.T.178.
72 Rurik-Kiev Yaroslav I Vladimirovich “the Wise”, Grand Prince of Kiev, * (978)/980, +1054.02.20.
73 Sweden Ingegerd (Anna), +1050.02.10, ES.II.T.114.
74 Piast Mieszko I (II?) Lambert, King of Poland, * 990, +1034.05.10.
75 Ezzonen-Lothringen Richeza, +1063.03.22, ES.I/2.T.201.
76 …… 87 N. N.
88 Diogenes Konstantinos, general, +(suicide) 1032.
89 Argyra N. (Daughter of A. Basileos, who was brother of Emperor A. Romanos III, +1034.04.11.)
90 Cometopuli Alusian, patrikios, for a short time tsar of Bulgaria in 1041.
91 N. N. (Armenian nobelwoman from Kharsianon)
92 Komnenos Manuel Erotikos, 950/1020.
93 N. (Maria?), +ca. 1015.
94 Charon Alexios, prefect of Italy
95 Dalassena N. (Daughter of Dalassenos Adrianos, uncle of D. Theophylaktos, general, military governor of Antiochia)
96 Rurik-Kiev (Saint) Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev, +1015.07.15.
97 Polock Rongned, + (nun) 1002, ES.II.T.127.
98 Sweden Olaf III, “Olaf Skotkonug”, King of Sweden, +1022.
99 N. Estrid, Princess of the Obotrites, ES.II.T.114.
100 Monomachos Theodosios, Byzantine state official
101 N. N. (Perhaps of armenian origin)
102 Skleros Basileos, governor
103 Argyra Pulcherina (Sister of Emperor Argyros Romanos III) 21,22,23
104 (Uncertain) (Wessex) Wulfnot Cild, Thegan of Sussex, +ca. 1014.
105 N. N.
106 Sparklegg (Sparkling?) Thorgil
107 (partner?) Halland Sigrid
108 Mercia Leofric, Earl of Mercia, +1057.08.31./09.30.
109 N. Godiva/Godgyfu, Lady, +1066/86. 24
110 …… 127 N. N.
Notes to Table A1
Main references (abbreviated as ES, followed by Vol. No, then by Table No.):
Schwennicke, Detlev (Hrsg.). 1984. Europäische Stammtafeln. Neue Folge. Bd. II. Bd. III/1. Marburg: J. A. Stargardt.
Schwennicke, Detlev. 1998. Europäische Stammtafeln. Neue Folge. Bd. XVIII. Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann.
Schwennicke, Detlev. 1999. Europäische Stammtafeln. Neue Folge. Bd. I/2. Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann.
Additional references and notes:
1 The family name “Nemanjić” was taken from ES.II.T.154, while it is lacking in ES.III/1.T.181.
2 According to recent speculations, ascendence of Queen Jelena/Ilona still needs further research:
Farkas, Csaba. 2016. A Basileus unokahúga. [Niece of the Basileus, in Hung,] Fons 23 (1): 87–118.
3 freepages.rootsweb.com/~dearbornboutwell/school-alumni/fam4725.html (accessed on 17 September 2022)
4 w.genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan4.html (Marek, Miroslav. 2018) (accessed on 17 September 2022)
5 geni.com/people/Szünadéné/6000000013005079391 (accessed on 17 September 2022)
6 Vajay, Szabolcs. 2006. I Géza király családja. (The family of King Géza I, in Hung). Turul 79: 32–39.
7 According to certain opinions the mother of Prince/King Álmos was the first wife of King Géza I: Sophie von Looz (+ 1065, ES.XVIII.T.56.), e.g.,
Makk, Ferenc. 1989. The Árpáds and the Comneni. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 125, but Table “The Árpád dynasty” of the same book indicates Syndane as the mother of Álmos.
More recently:
hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szündané_magyar_királyné (Last modification: 28 September 2021, accessed on 17 September 2022)
8 http://ciliacorte.com (acessed on 17 September 2022)
9 Kazhdan, Alexander. 1991. Monomachos. In: The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantinum (Alexander Kazhdan, Ed.). Oxford (UK)—New York (NY, USA): Oxford University Press. p. 1398.
10 Baxter, Stephen. 2007. The Earls of Mercia. Lordship and power in late Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
11 Curta, Florin. 2006. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. p. 298.
12 de Medeiros Publio Dias, J. Vicente. 2019. Der Herrscher als Versager (Nikephoros III. Botaniates, 1078–1081, der konstruierte Versager). Mainz: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
13 Stavrakakis, N. 2016. The penality of blinding of the Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. Archives of Hellenic Medicine 33: 675–79.
14 Kazhdan, Alexander. 1988/1989. Rus’-Byzantine princely marriages in the eleventh and twelfth century. Harvard Ukrainian Studies 12/13: 414–29.
15 Kaldellis, Anthony. 2017. Streams of gold, rivers of blood. Rise and fall of Byzantinum, 955 AD to the First Crusade. Oxford (UK)—New York (NY, USA): Oxford University Press.
16 Walker, Ian W. 1997. Harold, the last Anglo-Saxon King. Stroud (UK): Alan Sutton.
17 Mason, Emma. 2004. The House of Godwine: The history of dynasty. London: Hambledon & London.
18 Rex, Peter. 2005. Harold II: The doomed Saxon King. Stroud (UK): Tempus.
19 https://g.co/kgs/Lx6ggP (accessed on 17 September 2022)
20 According to an other view, King Béla I’s mother could have been from the (Hungarian) Tátony family.
w.genealogy.euweb.cz/arpad/arpad1.html (Marek, Miroslav. 2018.) (accesed on 17 September 2022)
21 Vannier, Jean-François. 1975. Families byzantines: les Argyroi (IX—XIIesiècle). Paris: Serie Byzantina Sorbonensia, 1.
22 Kazhdan, Alexander. 1991. Argyros. In: The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantinum. Oxford (UK)—New York (NY. USA): Oxford University Press. p. 165.
23 Cheynet, Jean-Claude and Jean-François Vannier. 2003. Les Argyroi. Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta 40: 57–90.
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Berzeviczy, K.; Pályi, G. King Béla III of the Árpád Dynasty and Byzantium—Genealogical Approach. Genealogy 2022, 6, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040093

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Berzeviczy K, Pályi G. King Béla III of the Árpád Dynasty and Byzantium—Genealogical Approach. Genealogy. 2022; 6(4):93. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040093

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Berzeviczy, Klára, and Gyula Pályi. 2022. "King Béla III of the Árpád Dynasty and Byzantium—Genealogical Approach" Genealogy 6, no. 4: 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040093

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Berzeviczy, K., & Pályi, G. (2022). King Béla III of the Árpád Dynasty and Byzantium—Genealogical Approach. Genealogy, 6(4), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6040093

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