Sport Cycling Crashes among Males on Public Roads, the Influence of Bunch Riding, Experience and Competitiveness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Respondents
3.2. Characteristics of Reported Sport Bike Crashes
3.3. Logistic Regression Model of Crash Involvement
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Interpretations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pucher, J.; Dill, J.; Handy, S. Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Prev. Med. 2010, 50, 106–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid (SWOV). SWOV Fact Sheet Serious Road Injuries in the Netherlands; Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Wijlhuizen, G.J.; Goldenbeld, C.; Kars, V.; Wegman, F.C.M. Monitor Verkeersveiligheid 2012; Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid (SWOV). SWOV Fact Sheet Road Fatalities in the Netherlands; Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.K.; Kim, S.; Ulfarsson, G.F.; Porrello, L.A. Bicyclist injury severities in bicycle-motor vehicle accidents. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2007, 39, 238–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valkenberg, H. Fietsbotsingen; VeiligheidNL: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Vlakveld, W.P. Hazard Anticipation of Young Novice Drivers; Assessing and Enhancing the Capabilities of Young Novice Drivers to Anticipate Latent Hazards in Road and Traffic Situations; Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Stipdonk, H.L. Road Safety in Bits and Pieces: For a Better Understanding of the Development of the Number of Road Fatalities; Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Harris, P.B.; Houston, J.M.; Vazquez, J.; Smither, J.; Harms, A.; Dahlke, J.; Sachau, D. The Prosocial and Aggressive Driving Inventory (PADI): A self-report measure of safe and unsafe driving behaviors. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2014, 72, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, M.; Oxley, J.; Cameron, M. Cyclist Bunch Riding: A Review of the Literature; Report No. 285; Accident Research Centre, Monash University: Melbourne, Australia, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Tin Tin, S.; Woodward, A.; Ameratunga, S.N. Incidence, risk, and protective factors of bicycle crashes: Findings from a prospective cohort study in New Zealand. Prev. Med. 2013, 57, 152–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tin Tin, S.; Woodward, A.; Ameratunga, S.N. Completeness and accuracy of crash outcome data in a cohort of cyclists: A validation study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thornley, S.J.; Woodward, A.; Langley, J.D.; Ameratunga, S.N.; Rodgers, A. Conspicuity and bicycle crashes: Preliminary findings of the Taupo Bicycle Study. Inj. Prev. 2008, 14, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crump, P. How To Survive Group Cycling–A Beginners Guide to Group Road Cycling Techniques and Safety; Peter Crump: Victoria, Australia, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Twisk, D.A.M. Protecting Pre-License Teens from Road Risk: Identifying Risk-Contributing Factors and Quantifying Effects of Intervention Strategies; Stichting Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Verkeersveiligheid: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2014. [Google Scholar]
Variable | Value | Respondents N, (%) | Crashes N, (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Bunch riding | Yes | 540 (72.6) | 246 (78.6) |
No | 204 (27.4) | 67 (21.4) | |
Cycling experience (year) | <3 | 39 (5.2) | 24 (7.7) |
3–10 | 258 (34.7) | 128 (40.9) | |
>10 | 447 (60.1) | 161 (51.4) | |
Age (year) | <35 | 60 (8.1) | 30 (9.7) |
35–45 | 121 (16.3) | 61 (19.7) | |
45–55 | 228 (30.6) | 97 (31.3) | |
55–65 | 230 (30.9) | 84 (27.1) | |
>65+ | 100 (13.4) | 38 (12.3) | |
Missing | 5 (0.7) | - | |
Annual distance cycled (km) | <3000 | 267 (35.9) | 111 (35.5) |
3000–6000 | 107 (14.4) | 46 (14.7) | |
6000–9000 | 240 (32.3) | 105 (33.5) | |
>9000 | 130 (17.4) | 51 (16.3) | |
Cycling motivation | Competitive | 243 (32.7) | 114 (36.4) |
Non-competitive | 501 (67.3) | 199 (63.6) |
Variable | Bunch Rider: | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Chi-Square | |
Crash type: | |||
Bunch riding crash | 188 (76.4) | 25 (37.3) | p < 0.001 |
Non-bunch riding crash | 58 (23.6) | 42 (62.5) | - |
Total (N = 313; 100%) | 246 (78.6) | 67 (21.4) | - |
Circumstances | |||
Collision with: | |||
Sport cyclist | 47 (21.1) | 8 (12.5) | ns* |
Car | 21 (9.4) | 6 (9.4) | ns |
Regular cyclist | 8 (3.6) | 6 (9.4) | p < 0.05 |
Other | 8 (3.6) | 7 (10.9) | p < 0.05 |
Single sided crash: | |||
Hit object | 34 (15.2) | 8 (12.5) | ns |
Lost balance | 83 (37.2) | 21 (32.8) | ns |
Poor road quality | 14 (6.3) | 2 (3.1) | ns |
Other | 8 (3.6) | 6 (9.4) | p < 0.05 |
Total (N = 287) | 223 (100.0) | 64 (100.0) | - |
Unknown (N = 26) | 23 | 3 | - |
Total (N = 313; 100%) | 246(78.6) | 67 (21.4) | - |
Independent Variables | Categories | Univariate Results | Multiple Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds (95% CI) | Sig.** | Odds (95% CI) | Sig. | ||
Bunch riding | Yes | 1.71 (1.22,2.40)* | <0.01 | 1.79 (1.26, 2.54)* | <0.01 |
No | - | - | - | - | |
Experience | <3 year | 2.84 (1.45, 5.57)* | <0.01 | 2.93 (1.42, 6.06)* | 0.01 |
3–10 year | 1.75 (1.28, 2.39)* | <0.01 | 1.58 (1.11, 2.24)* | 0.02 | |
>10 year | - | - | - | - | |
Age | <35 | - | - | - | - |
35–45 | 0.61 (0.32, 1.17) | 0.14 | 0.87 (0.42, 1.79) | 0.71 | |
45–55 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.02) | 0.06 | 0.83 (0.44, 1.57) | 0.57 | |
55–65 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.31) | 0.30 | 0.86 (0.47, 1.58) | 0.63 | |
>65 | 1.02 (0.55, 1.89) | 0.96 | 1.14 (0.61, 2.16) | 0.68 | |
Exposure | <3000 km/year | - | - | - | - |
3000–6000 km/year | 0.91 (0.59, 1.39) | 0.66 | 1.23 (0.71, 1.77) | 0.62 | |
6000–9000 km/year | 1.09 (0.77, 1.56) | 0.62 | 1.22 (0.84, 1.78) | 0.29 | |
>9000 km/year | 1.06 (0.67, 1.67) | 0.80 | 1.23 (0.77, 1.96) | 0.40 | |
Cycling motivation | Competitive | 1.34 (0.99, 1.83) | 0.06 | 1.19 (0.85, 1.66) | 0.31 |
Non-competitive | - | - | - | - |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wijlhuizen, G.J.; Van Gent, P.; Stipdonk, H. Sport Cycling Crashes among Males on Public Roads, the Influence of Bunch Riding, Experience and Competitiveness. Safety 2016, 2, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety2020011
Wijlhuizen GJ, Van Gent P, Stipdonk H. Sport Cycling Crashes among Males on Public Roads, the Influence of Bunch Riding, Experience and Competitiveness. Safety. 2016; 2(2):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety2020011
Chicago/Turabian StyleWijlhuizen, Gert Jan, Paul Van Gent, and Henk Stipdonk. 2016. "Sport Cycling Crashes among Males on Public Roads, the Influence of Bunch Riding, Experience and Competitiveness" Safety 2, no. 2: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety2020011