Study of Temperature Fields and Heavy Metal Content in the Ash and Flue Gas Produced by the Combustion of Briquettes Coming from Paper and Cardboard Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of Briquettes
2.2. Study of Combustion
2.2.1. Analysis of Temperature Fields
2.2.2. Flue Gas Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temperature Fields and Ash Fractions
3.2. Heavy Metals in the Flue Gas and Ash
3.3. Ash Proportion and NPK Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Briquette | Density (kg/m3) | HHV (MJ/kg) | Moisture Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Type 1 (corrugated cardboard) | 486 | 15.83 | 7.5 |
Type 2 (office paper) | 550 | 14.10 | 5.7 |
Type 3 (mixture of paper waste) | 490 | 15.22 | 5.1 |
Type 4 (mixture of paper and green waste) | 430 | 15.54 | 6.4 |
Briquette Type | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Combustion time (min) | 10.5 | 11.0 | 18.5 | 12.5 |
Temperature (°C) | 950 | 750 | 800 | 800 |
Briquettes | As | Cd | Hg | Mn | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In the flue gas | |||||
Type 1 | 2.58 | 0.82 | 7.07 | 68.32 | 42.78 |
Type 2 | 7.83 | 1.32 | 6.01 | 205.01 | 53.58 |
Type 3 | 2.09 | 0.97 | 6.16 | 74.96 | 38.93 |
Type 4 | 2.92 | 0.84 | 5.31 | 87.62 | 37.97 |
In the bottom ashes | |||||
Type 1 | 1.78 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 91.32 | 15.24 |
Type 2 | 1.73 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 77.85 | 5.25 |
Type 3 | 1.06 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 76.44 | 12.60 |
Type 4 | 0.92 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 90.96 | 10.73 |
Heavy Metals | As | Cd | Hg | Mn | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy metals content in ash | |||||
Type 1 (corrugated cardboard) | 16.08 | 2.02 | 1.80 | 825.28 | 137.69 |
Type 2 (office paper) | 11.21 | 0.93 | 2.35 | 505.80 | 34.13 |
Type 3 (mixture of paper waste) | 6.65 | 0.89 | 1.61 | 478.80 | 78.96 |
Type 4 (mixture of paper and green waste) | 5.86 | 1.56 | 4.80 | 579.45 | 68.37 |
Limit value of heavy metals | |||||
Law of Burkina Faso [26] | - | 40 | 25 | - | 1200 |
Narodoslawsky and Obernberger, [27] | 20 | 10 | - | - | 500 |
NPK | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 | Minimum Content [28] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 1 |
P2O5 (%) | 0.136 | 0.179 | 0.090 | 0.224 | 2 |
K2O (%) | 0.494 | 1.198 | 0.353 | 1.408 | 5 |
N+P2O5 + K2O | 0.633 | 1.387 | 0.446 | 1.644 | 7 |
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Ibrahim, H.G.; Ouiminga, S.K.; Yonli, A.; Sanogo, O.; Daho, T.; Koulidiati, J. Study of Temperature Fields and Heavy Metal Content in the Ash and Flue Gas Produced by the Combustion of Briquettes Coming from Paper and Cardboard Waste. Recycling 2018, 3, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030032
Ibrahim HG, Ouiminga SK, Yonli A, Sanogo O, Daho T, Koulidiati J. Study of Temperature Fields and Heavy Metal Content in the Ash and Flue Gas Produced by the Combustion of Briquettes Coming from Paper and Cardboard Waste. Recycling. 2018; 3(3):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030032
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Harouna Gado, Salifou K. Ouiminga, Arsène Yonli, Oumar Sanogo, Tizane Daho, and Jean Koulidiati. 2018. "Study of Temperature Fields and Heavy Metal Content in the Ash and Flue Gas Produced by the Combustion of Briquettes Coming from Paper and Cardboard Waste" Recycling 3, no. 3: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030032
APA StyleIbrahim, H. G., Ouiminga, S. K., Yonli, A., Sanogo, O., Daho, T., & Koulidiati, J. (2018). Study of Temperature Fields and Heavy Metal Content in the Ash and Flue Gas Produced by the Combustion of Briquettes Coming from Paper and Cardboard Waste. Recycling, 3(3), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030032