An Overview of the Design and Optimized Operation of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Durations in the Range of 4–24 Hours
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling
3. Materials
3.1. Membranes
3.2. Electrode Development
3.3. Bipolar Plate Development
3.4. Electrolyte Development
4. State of Charge, Crossover and State of Health Estimation
4.1. SOC Estimation
4.2. Crossover
4.3. SOH Estimation
5. Battery Management System
5.1. Flow Optimization
5.2. Operation Strategy
6. Stack Design
6.1. Stack Sizing and Architecture
6.2. Flow Field Design
6.3. Electrode Design for Various Flow Fields
7. Environmental Impact
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mode | Charge | Discharge | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | V+2 | V+3 | V+4 | V+5 | V+2 | V+3 | V+4 | V+5 | Net V Transport after Each Cycle | |
Mechanism | Reference | |||||||||
Diffusion | [45] | + | - | + | - | |||||
[46] | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - | ||
[46] S-PEEK | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | −(negligible) | ~0 | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | −(negligible) | ~0 | ||
[49] | + | + | - | - | ||||||
Hydraulic convection | [45] | - | - | + | +(negligible) | |||||
[46] | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | + | + | + | + | ||
[46] S-PEEK | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | |||
[49] | ||||||||||
Migration | [45] | - | - | + | + | |||||
[46] | −(negligible) | −(negligible) | −(negligible) | ~0 | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | ~0 | ||
[46] S-PEEK | ~0 | ~0 | ~0 | ~0 | ~0 | ~0 | ~0 | |||
[49] | - | - | - | - | ||||||
Total transport of each species for half cycle | [45] | + | - | + | - | |||||
[46] | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | + | ||
[46] S-PEEK | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | ||
[49] | +(negligible) | +(negligible) | - | - | ||||||
Net V transport after each cycle | [45] | - | ||||||||
[46] | + | |||||||||
[46] S-PEEK | + | |||||||||
[49] | + |
Reference | [45,46] | [47] | [4] | [50] | [54] | [56] | [58] | [59] | [60] |
Model type | 2-D | 1-D | 3-D | 3-D | 0-D | 3-D | 1-D | 3-D | 0-D |
Thermal coupling? | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
V species transport mechanisms | |||||||||
Diffusion? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Migration? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hydraulic convection of electrolyte due to delta P across membrane? | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Electro-osmotic? | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Water transport mechanisms | |||||||||
Osmotic transport of water? | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Transfer of water via electro-osmosis | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
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Viswanathan, V.V.; Crawford, A.J.; Thomsen, E.C.; Shamim, N.; Li, G.; Huang, Q.; Reed, D.M. An Overview of the Design and Optimized Operation of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Durations in the Range of 4–24 Hours. Batteries 2023, 9, 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040221
Viswanathan VV, Crawford AJ, Thomsen EC, Shamim N, Li G, Huang Q, Reed DM. An Overview of the Design and Optimized Operation of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Durations in the Range of 4–24 Hours. Batteries. 2023; 9(4):221. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040221
Chicago/Turabian StyleViswanathan, Vilayanur V., Alasdair J. Crawford, Edwin C. Thomsen, Nimat Shamim, Guosheng Li, Qian Huang, and David M. Reed. 2023. "An Overview of the Design and Optimized Operation of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries for Durations in the Range of 4–24 Hours" Batteries 9, no. 4: 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040221