Molecular Characterization, Population Structure Analysis, and Association Mapping of Turkish Parsley Genotypes Using iPBS Markers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Phytochemical Analysis
2.3. Genetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Variations
3.2. Genetic Diversity Analysis
3.3. Population Structure
3.4. Associating Mapping
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Code | Location | No | Code | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HMKU–MA1 | Hatay–Samandag | 10 | HMKU–MA10 | Hatay–Arsuz |
2 | HMKU–MA2 | Hatay–Samandag | 11 | HMKU–MA11 | Hatay–Antakya |
3 | HMKU–MA3 | Hatay–Samandag | 12 | HMKU–MA12 | Hatay–Antakya |
4 | HMKU–MA4 | Hatay–Samandag | 13 | HMKU–MA13 | Osmaniye |
5 | HMKU–MA5 | Hatay–Arsuz | 14 | HMKU–MA14 | Osmaniye |
6 | HMKU–MA6 | Hatay–Arsuz | 15 | HMKU–MA15 | Osmaniye |
7 | HMKU–MA7 | Hatay–Arsuz | 16 | HMKU–MA16 | Kilis |
8 | HMKU–MA8 | Hatay–Arsuz | 17 | HMKU–MA17 | Osmaniye |
9 | HMKU–MA9 | Hatay–Arsuz | 18 | HMKU–MA18 | Hatay–İskenderun |
Genotype | Total Soluble Solids (%) | Total Acid Content (%) | pH–Value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.67 ± 0.34 ab | 2.59 ± 0.01 a | 5.86 ± 0.01 ab |
2 | 4.31 ± 0.31 a–c | 1.87 ± 0.01 f | 5.67 ± 0.02 h |
3 | 3.67 ± 0.32 b–d | 2.21 ± 0.03 c | 5.75 ± 0.01 ef |
4 | 4.32 ± 0.33 a–c | 2.11 ± 0.02 d | 5.74 ± 0.03 ef |
5 | 4.67 ± 0.28 ab | 1.95 ± 0.01 ef | 5.84 ± 0.02 bc |
6 | 4.63 ± 0.41 ab | 1.94 ± 0.03 ef | 5.86 ± 0.01 ab |
7 | 4.28 ± 0.34 a–c | 1.97 ± 0.04 e | 5.85 ± 0.01 ab |
8 | 3.33 ± 0.30 c–e | 1.54 ± 0.02 hi | 5.87 ± 0.02 a |
9 | 3.67 ± 0.34 b–d | 1.62 ± 0.02 h | 5.77 ± 0.01 e |
10 | 5.34 ± 0.29 a | 1.88 ± 0.02 ef | 5.71 ± 0.02 g |
11 | 3.00 ± 0.01 de | 1.28 ± 0.02 jk | 5.81 ± 0.02 cd |
12 | 3.33 ± 0.32 c–e | 1.34 ± 0.03 j | 5.81 ± 0.02 cd |
13 | 2.32 ± 0.41 e | 1.53 ± 0.02 i | 5.85 ± 0.02 ab |
14 | 3.67 ± 0.27 b–d | 1.22 ± 0.01 k | 5.73 ± 0.02 fg |
15 | 2.33 ± 0.35 e | 1.04 ± 0.03 l | 5.75 ± 0.02 ef |
16 | 4.55 ± 0.53 ab | 2.44 ± 0.02 b | 5.80 ± 0.02 d |
17 | 4.31 ± 0.56 a–c | 1.74 ± 0.02 g | 5.80 ± 0.02 d |
18 | 4.01 ± 0.86 b–d | 1.33 ± 0.01 j | 5.81 ± 0.01 cd |
Average | 4.43 ± 0.36 | 1.76 ± 0.02 | 5.79 ± 0.02 |
Genotype | Chlorophyll a Content (mg/g) | Chlorophyll b Content (mg/g) | Total Chlorophyll Content (mg/g) | Total Carotenoid Content (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.61 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.02 b | 0.94 ± 0.03 ab | 0.18 ± 0.02 a |
2 | 0.42 ± 0.02 e–g | 0.22 ± 0.01 f | 0.65 ± 0.03 i | 0.12 ± 0.01 de |
3 | 0.31 ± 0.01 h | 0.18 ± 0.01 g | 0.50 ± 0.02 j | 0.10 ± 0.01 e |
4 | 0.57 ± 0.02 ab | 0.31 ± 0.02 bc | 0.88 ± 0.04 bc | 0.14 ± 0.02 b–d |
5 | 0.49 ± 0.03 cd | 0.29 ± 0.02 b–d | 0.78 ± 0.02 d–g | 0.14 ± 0.02 b–d |
6 | 0.37 ± 0.04 g | 0.29 ± 0.02 b–d | 0.66 ± 0.05 hi | 0.13 ± 0.01 b–d |
7 | 0.58 ± 0.03 ab | 0.24 ± 0.01 ef | 0.82 ± 0.04 c–f | 0.15 ± 0.01 b |
8 | 0.46 ± 0.02 de | 0.28 ± 0.01 cd | 0.74 ± 0.03 f–h | 0.14 ± 0.01 b–d |
9 | 0.54 ± 0.02 bc | 0.30 ± 0.01 bc | 0.84 ± 0.03 c–e | 0.14 ± 0.02 b–d |
10 | 0.40 ± 0.01 fg | 0.24 ± 0.01 ef | 0.64 ± 0.03 i | 0.13 ± 0.01 b–d |
11 | 0.61 ± 0.02 a | 0.37 ± 0.01 a | 0.98 ± 0.04 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 a |
12 | 0.45 ± 0.02 d–f | 0.26 ± 0.02 d–f | 0.71 ± 0.03 g–i | 0.13 ± 0.01 b–d |
13 | 0.45 ± 0.01 d–f | 0.25 ± 0.01 d–f | 0.71 ± 0.02 g–i | 0.12 ± 0.01 c–e |
14 | 0.54 ± 0.02 bc | 0.32 ± 0.02 b | 0.86 ± 0.02 cd | 0.15 ± 0.02 bc |
15 | 0.50 ± 0.03 cd | 0.30 ± 0.01 bc | 0.80 ± 0.03 c–f | 0.14 ± 0.01 b–d |
16 | 0.48 ± 0.02 cd | 0.26 ± 0.03 de | 0.75 ± 0.01 fg | 0.14 ± 0.01 b–d |
17 | 0.47 ± 0.02 de | 0.30 ± 0.02 bc | 0.77 ± 0.02 e–g | 0.12 ± 0.01 de |
18 | 0.40 ± 0.03 fg | 0.23 ± 0.01 ef | 0.63 ± 0.03 i | 0.12 ± 0.01 de |
Average | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
Primer Name | Primer Sequence 5′–3′ | Tm °C | Number of Bands | % Rate of Polym. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polym. | Total | ||||
iPBS–2272 | GGCTCAGATGCCA | 46 | 11 | 17 | 64.7 |
iPBS–2277 | GGCGATGATACCA | 48 | 4 | 12 | 33.3 |
iPBS–2217 | ACTTGGATGTCGATACCA | 51 | 3 | 8 | 37.5 |
iPBS–2219 | GAACTTATGCCGATACCA | 51 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
iPBS–2222 | ACTTGGATGCCGATACCA | 54 | 4 | 11 | 36.4 |
iPBS–2226 | CGGTGACCTTTGATACCA | 54 | 5 | 11 | 45.5 |
iPBS–2228 | CATTGGCTCTTGATACCA | 51 | 4 | 12 | 33.3 |
iPBS–2230 | TCTAGGCGTCTGATACCA | 54 | 3 | 13 | 23.1 |
iPBS–2232 | AGAGAGGCTCGGATACCA | 56 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
iPBS–2239 | ACCTAGGCTCGGATGCCA | 58 | 6 | 8 | 75 |
iPBS–2243 | AGTCAGGCTCTGTTACCA | 54 | 2 | 14 | 14.3 |
iPBS–2244 | GGAAGGCTCTGATTACCA | 54 | 6 | 9 | 66.7 |
iPBS–2246 | ACTAGGCTCTGTATACCA | 51 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
iPBS–2249 | AACCGACCTCTGATACCA | 54 | 4 | 17 | 23.5 |
iPBS–2251 | GAACAGGCGATGATACCA | 54 | 2 | 7 | 28.6 |
iPBS–2252 | TCATGGCTCATGATACCA | 51 | 4 | 12 | 33.3 |
Total | 65 | 181 | 574.6 | ||
Average | 4.1 | 11.3 | 31.9 |
Primer | Band Freq. | p | q | Na | Ne | I | h | uh | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iPBS–2272 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.29 | 1.71 | 1.39 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.41 |
iPBS–2277 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 1.33 | 1.22 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.19 |
iPBS–2217 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 1.38 | 1.15 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
iPBS–2219 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 1.30 | 1.09 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
iPBS–2222 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 1.36 | 1.20 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
iPBS–2226 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.25 | 1.82 | 1.37 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.37 |
iPBS–2228 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 1.75 | 1.15 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
iPBS–2230 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 1.31 | 1.10 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
iPBS–2232 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 1.80 | 1.28 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.21 |
iPBS–2239 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 1.75 | 1.20 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
iPBS–2243 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 1.14 | 1.08 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
iPBS–2244 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 1.78 | 1.17 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
iPBS–2246 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.02 | 1.10 | 1.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
iPBS–2249 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
iPBS–2251 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 1.57 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
iPBS–2252 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.11 | 1.75 | 1.24 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 |
Average | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.11 | 1.51 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
Traits | Marker | p | R |
---|---|---|---|
Total Soluble Solids | iPBS–2239–420 | 0.008964 | 0.26 |
Total Soluble Solids | iPBS–2243–400 | 0.028865 | 0.19 |
Total Soluble Solids | iPBS–2251–330 | 0.028865 | 0.19 |
Total Acid | iPBS–2226–1140 | 0.008191 | 0.33 |
pH | iPBS–2272–770 | 0.045347 | 0.24 |
Chlorophyll a | iPBS–2228–450 | 0.037363 | 0.25 |
Chlorophyll a | iPBS–2244–200 | 0.037363 | 0.26 |
Chlorophyll b | iPBS–2228–450 | 0.029188 | 0.27 |
Chlorophyll b | iPBS–2244–200 | 0.029188 | 0.28 |
Total Carotenoid | iPBS–2249–1080 | 0.041217 | 0.23 |
Total Carotenoid | iPBS–2244–540 | 0.04448 | 0.22 |
Total Carotenoid | iPBS–2272–850 | 0.048688 | 0.21 |
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Coşkun, Ö.F. Molecular Characterization, Population Structure Analysis, and Association Mapping of Turkish Parsley Genotypes Using iPBS Markers. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030336
Coşkun ÖF. Molecular Characterization, Population Structure Analysis, and Association Mapping of Turkish Parsley Genotypes Using iPBS Markers. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(3):336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030336
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoşkun, Ömer Faruk. 2023. "Molecular Characterization, Population Structure Analysis, and Association Mapping of Turkish Parsley Genotypes Using iPBS Markers" Horticulturae 9, no. 3: 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030336