Bioactive Compounds, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Prebiotics in the Seed of Mahuad (Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Proximate Analysis
2.4. Quantification of Individual Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids by HPLC
2.5. Quantification of Amino Acids by LC/MS/MS
2.6. Quantification of Sugars and Oligosaccharides by HPLC
2.7. Quantification of Fatty Acids
2.8. FTIR Measurements
3. Results
3.1. Proximate Analysis
3.2. Quantification of Individual Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in LRL Seed
3.3. Profile and Content of Amino Acids in LRL Seeds
3.4. Sugar and Oligosaccharide Content in LRL Seeds
3.5. Profile and Content of Fatty Acids in LRL Seeds
3.6. Spectrum of LRL Seed by FTIR
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh Seed |
---|---|
Moisture (%) | 29.1 ± 0.5 |
Crude Protein (%) | 9.6 ± 0.2 |
Crude Fat (%) | 2.1 ± 0.0 |
Crude Fiber (%) | 15.9 ± 0.2 |
Ash (%) | 1.7 ± 0.1 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 41.6 ± 0.3 |
Parameter | Concentration (µg/g) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | ||
gallic acid | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 11.9 |
protocatechuic acid | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.4 |
p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 14.3 ± 0.2 | 25.7 |
vanillic acid | 16.9 ± 0.5 | 30.4 |
syringic acid | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 9.0 |
vanillin | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 12.2 |
p-coumaric acid | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 1.1 |
ferulic acid | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 4.7 |
sinapic acid | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 2.0 |
cinnamic acid | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.4 |
gentisic acid | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.3 |
Total phenolic acids | 55.6 ± 0.9 | 100 |
Flavonoids | ||
rutin | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.8 |
quercetin | 57.5 ± 0.3 | 62.0 |
apigenin | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 12.0 |
myricetin | 20.6 ± 0.0 | 22.2 |
Total flavonoids | 92.7 ± 0.5 | 100 |
Amino Acids | Concentration (µg/g) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Essential AA | ||
arginine | 164.3 ± 11.4 | 13.3 |
histidine | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 0.4 |
isoleucine | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 0.6 |
leucine | 15.2 ± 0.7 | 1.2 |
lysine | 24.6 ± 1.1 | 2.0 |
methionine | 230.7 ± 6.6 | 18.6 |
phenylalanine | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 0.6 |
threonine | 9.8 ± 0.7 | 0.8 |
tryptophan | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 0.7 |
valine | 43.7 ± 1.0 | 3.5 |
Total essential AA | 515.8 ± 22.6 | 41.6 |
Nonessential AA | ||
alanine | 37.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 |
asparagine | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.3 |
aspartic acid | 69.2 ± 2.4 | 5.6 |
cysteine | ND | ND |
glutamine | 19.2 ± 1.0 | 1.6 |
glutamic acid | 72.7 ± 0.9 | 5.9 |
glycine | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.0 |
proline | 437.5 ± 5.6 | 35.3 |
serine | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 0.8 |
tyrosine | 72.4 ± 0.8 | 5.8 |
Total nonessential AA | 722.8 ± 13.8 | 58.4 |
Total amino acids | 1238.6 ± 14.5 | 100 |
Individual Sugars | Contents (mg/g) |
---|---|
Stachyose | 4.2 ± 0.1 |
Fructooligosaccharide | 5.3 ± 0.0 |
Sucrose | 93.5 ± 0.2 |
Glucose | 65.0 ± 0.1 |
Fructose | ND |
Mannitol | ND |
Sorbitol | ND |
Fatty Acids | Concentration (g/100g) | % Composition |
---|---|---|
Saturated fatty acids | ||
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 0.30 | 41.10 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 0.03 | 4.11 |
Behenic acid (C22:0) | 0.01 | 1.37 |
Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) | 0.34 | 46.58 |
Unsaturated fatty acids | ||
cis-9-Oleic acid (C18:1n9c) | 0.20 | 27.40 |
cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (C20:1n11) | 0.04 | 5.48 |
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) | 0.24 | 32.88 |
cis-9,12-Linoleic acid (C18:2n6) | 0.14 | 19.18 |
cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2) | 0.01 | 1.37 |
Total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) | 0.15 | 20.55 |
Total unsaturated fatty acids | 0.39 | 53.42 |
Total fatty acids | 0.73 | 100 |
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Bunyatratchata, A.; Chumroenphat, T.; Saensouk, S.; Siriamornpun, S. Bioactive Compounds, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Prebiotics in the Seed of Mahuad (Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh). Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101159
Bunyatratchata A, Chumroenphat T, Saensouk S, Siriamornpun S. Bioactive Compounds, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Prebiotics in the Seed of Mahuad (Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh). Horticulturae. 2023; 9(10):1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101159
Chicago/Turabian StyleBunyatratchata, Apichaya, Theeraphan Chumroenphat, Surapon Saensouk, and Sirithon Siriamornpun. 2023. "Bioactive Compounds, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Prebiotics in the Seed of Mahuad (Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh)" Horticulturae 9, no. 10: 1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101159