The Effect of One-Year Seed Spaceflight Storage on Yield, Biochemical and Mineral Characteristics of Mature Leafy Vegetables Belonging to Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae Families
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Protocol and Growing Conditions
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Dry Matter
2.4. Mineral Composition
2.5. Ascorbic Acid
2.6. Total Polyphenols (TP)
2.7. Antioxidant Activity (AOA)
2.8. Proline
2.9. Malonic Dialdehyde
2.10. Photosynthetic Pigments
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Yield and Biometrical Characteristics
3.2. Photosynthetic Pigments
3.3. Antioxidant Status
3.4. Mineral Composition
3.4.1. Vanadium
3.4.2. Selenium
3.4.3. Sodium
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Dormancy Type | Clade | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Brassicaceae | Physiological, non-deep physiological | Asterids | [34] |
Asteraceae | Non-deep physiological | Rosits Rosits | [35] |
Apiaceae | Morphological, morpho-physiological | [36] |
Family | Cultivar | Seed Source | Dry Matter (%) | Height (cm) | Plant Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asteraceae (Lactuca sativa) | Moskovsky parnikovy | Control | 5.8 a | 18 b | 3.81 a |
Space | 5.5 a | 22 a | 4.43 a | ||
Petrovich | Control | 4.7 a | 23 a | 6.1 a | |
Space | 4.7 a | 23 a | 5.5 a | ||
Synthesis | Control | 4.9 a | 23 b | 3.34 b | |
Space | 4.7 a | 27 a | 4.60 a | ||
Picnic | Control | 5.9 a | 25 a | 3.48 a | |
Space | 5.6 a | 23 a | 3.07 a | ||
Brassicaceae | Brassica juncea Sudarushka | Control | 8.1 b | 28 a | 1.48 b |
Space | 9.1 a | 28 a | 1.82 a | ||
Eruca sativa Rusalochka | Control | 7.6 a | 19 b | 1.03 b | |
Space | 7.7 a | 25 a | 2.41 a | ||
Apiaceae | Anethum graveolens Kulinar | Control | 6.9 b | 30 a | 1.72 a |
Space | 8.0 a | 29 a | 1.36 b | ||
Coriandrum sativum Yubilar | Control | 5.9 a | 25 a | 1.58 a | |
Space | 6.0 a | 22 a | 1.01 b |
Family | Cultivar | Seed Source | Chl a | Chl b | Total Chl | Car | Chl a/Chl b Ratio | Chl/Car Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asteraceae (Lactuca sativa) | Moskovsky parnikovy | Control | 0.51 a | 0.30 b | 0.81 a | 0.11 a | 1.70 | 7.36 |
Space | 0.60 a | 0.38 a | 0.98 a | 0.13 a | 1.58 | 7.54 | ||
Petrovich | Control | 0.51 b | 0.32 a | 0.83 a | 0.09 b | 1.59 | 9.22 | |
Space | 0.62 a | 0.34 a | 0.96 a | 0.13 a | 1.82 | 7.38 | ||
Synthesis | Control | 0.59 a | 0.35 a | 0.94 a | 0.12 a | 1.69 | 7.83 | |
Space | 0.57 a | 0.34 a | 0.91 a | 0.11 a | 1.68 | 8.27 | ||
Picnic | Control | 0.82 a | 0.45 a | 1.27 a | 0.21 a | 1.82 | 5.05 | |
Space | 0.62 b | 0.37 b | 0.99 b | 0.12 b | 1.68 | 8.25 | ||
Brassicaceae | Brassica juncea Sudarushka | Control | 1.08 b | 0.67 b | 1.75 b | 0.18 b | 1.61 | 9.72 |
Space | 1.42 a | 0.88 a | 2.30 a | 0.24 a | 1.61 | 9.58 | ||
Eruca sativa Rusalochka | Control | 0.75 b | 0.54 b | 1.29 b | 0.11 b | 1.39 | 11.73 | |
Space | 1.27 a | 1.99 a | 3.26 a | 0.20 a | 0.64 | 16.30 | ||
Apiaceae | Anethum graveolens Kulinar | Control | 1.07 a | 1.38 a | 2.45 a | 0.035 a | 0.78 | 68.57 |
Space | 1.07 a | 1.22 a | 2.29 a | 0.020 b | 0.88 | 114.5 | ||
Coriandrum sativum Yubilar | Control | 1.00 a | 1.22 a | 2.22 a | 0.019 a | 0.82 | 246.67 | |
Space | 0.91 a | 1.06 a | 1.97 a | 0.017 a | 0.86 | 115.88 |
Family | Cultivar | Seed Source | AA (mg 100 g−1 f.w.) | AOA (mg GAE g−1 d.w.) | TP (mg GAE g−1 d.w.) | Pro (mg g−1 d.w.) | MDA (µM g−1 d.w.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asteraceae (Lactuca sativa) | Moskovsky parnikovy | Control | 19.7 a | 29.5 a | 18.8 a | 1.11 a | 0.42 a |
Space | 17.7 a | 29.5 a | 18.8 a | 1.25 a | 0.41 a | ||
Petrovich | Control | 9.8 a | 29 a | 19.2 a | 0.96 a | 0.42 a | |
Space | 11.1 a | 31.0 a | 18.8 a | 0.95 a | 0.40 a | ||
Synthesis | Control | 11.9 a | 28.7 a | 20.7 a | 0.99 a | 0.53 a | |
Space | 13.0 a | 31.1 a | 21.1 a | 1.05 a | 0.48 a | ||
Picnic | Control | 11.2 a | 26.8 a | 17.5 a | 0.85 a | 0.46 a | |
Space | 9.1 a | 27.4 a | 18.2 a | 0.96 a | 0.48 a | ||
Brassicaceae | Brassica juncea Sudarushka | Control | 26.9 a | 32.2 a | 22.1 a | 2.48 a | 0.40 b |
Space | 21.0 b | 34.9 a | 23.4 a | 1.64 b | 0.50 a | ||
Eruca sativa Rusalochka | Control | 46.3 a | 34.6 a | 24.4 a | 2.72 a | 0.42 b | |
Space | 45.6 a | 40.5 a | 22.9 a | 1.99 b | 0.54 a | ||
Apiaceae | Anethum graveolens Kulinar | Control | 18.4 a | 44.3 a | 21.2 a | 1.65 a | 0.40 a |
Space | 16.6 a | 37.3 a | 21.8 a | 1.59 a | 0.37 a | ||
Coriandrum sativum Yubilar | Control | 33.3 a | 51.3 a | 17.1 a | 1.89 a | 0.43 a | |
Space | 27.7 b | 53.7 a | 17.7 a | 1.61 a | 0.45 a |
Brassica juncea | Eruca sativa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Space | Control | Space | |
Ca | 11,490 ± 1140 a | 10,435 ± 1040 a | 13,714 ± 1302 a | 16,693 ± 1650 a |
K | 78,751 ± 7571 a | 57,504 ± 5700 b | 78,146 ± 7798 a | 66,768 ± 6599 a |
Mg | 1804 ± 178 a | 1384 ± 131 b | 1866 ± 186 a | 1798 ± 180 a |
Na | 853 ± 85 a | 326 ± 32 b | 580 ± 58 a | 455 ± 45 b |
P | 6435 ± 649 a | 5149 ± 510 b | 4842 ± 481 a | 5294 ± 530 a |
B | 22.6 ± 1.3 a | 22.0 ± 2.1 a | 14.3 ± 1.4 a | 12.9 ± 1.3 a |
Co | 0.046 ± 0.010 a | 0.056 ± 0.005 a | 0.086 ± 0.008 a | 0.097 ± 0.010 a |
Cu | 3.92 ± 0.32 a | 3.50 ± 0.33 a | 2.98 ± 0.30 a | 3.65 ± 0.35 a |
Fe | 60.6 ± 6.0 a | 75.9 ± 7.6 a | 137 ± 13 a | 130 ± 13 a |
I | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.50 ± 0.05 a | 0.38 ± 0.03 b |
Li | 0.65 ± 0.06 a | 0.73 ± 0.07 a | 1.42 ± 0.13 a | 1.45 ± 0.13 a |
Mn | 10.0 ± 0.9 b | 17.2 ± 1.7 a | 15.8 ± 1.5 a | 16.8 ± 1.6 a |
Mo | 10.6 ± 0.9 a | 8.73 ± 0.85 a | 13.7 ± 1.3 a | 15.6 ± 1.5 a |
Se | 0.13 ± 0.01 b | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.29 ± 0.03 a |
Si | 74.1 ± 7.1 b | 94.6 ± 9.2 a | 186 ± 18.2 a | 106 ± 10 b |
Zn | 39.1 ± 3.8 a | 38.4 ± 3.8 a | 30.8 ± 3.0 a | 29.5 ± 2.9 a |
Al | 13.2 ± 1.3 b | 17.0 ± 1.5 a | 43.7 ± 4.3 a | 22.3 ± 2.2 b |
As | 0.140 ± 0.010 a | 0.055 ± 0.005 b | 0.150 ± 0.01 a | 0.120 ± 0.01 b |
Cd | 0.085 ± 0.010 a | 0.077 ± 0.007 a | 0.170 ± 0.010 a | 0.160 ± 0.01 a |
Cr | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.47 ± 0.04 a | 0.30 ± 0.03 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 b |
Ni | 0.20 ± 0.02 b | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 0.37 ± 0.03 b | 0.58 ± 0.05 a |
Pb | 0.13 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 0.35 ± 0.03 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 b |
Sr | 51.4 ± 5.0 a | 38.9 ± 3.6 b | 71.2 ± 7.0 a | 57.0 ± 5.6 b |
V | 0.041 ± 0.001 b | 0.071 ± 0.007 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 b |
Ca/Sr | 224 | 268 | 193 | 293 |
K/Na | 92 | 176 | 135 | 147 |
Anethum graveolens L. | Coriandrum sativum L. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Space | Control | Space | |
Ca | 12,117 ± 1200 a | 9587 ± 933 b | 8321 ± 813 a | 6199 ± 596 b |
K | 90,870 ± 9000 a | 78,268 ± 7786 a | 96,105 ± 9577 a | 60,309 ± 6000 b |
Mg | 1634 ± 161 a | 1397 ± 135 a | 1572 ± 150 a | 1107 ± 102 b |
Na | 744 ± 74 a | 571 ± 57 b | 570 ± 56 a | 350 ± 33 b |
P | 7369 ± 724 a | 5685 ± 553 b | 9044 ± 900 a | 5913 ± 590 b |
B | 19.7 ± 2.0 a | 17.0 ± 1.7 a | 24.1 ± 2.4 a | 19.5 ± 1.9 b |
Co | 0.072 ± 0.006 a | 0.045 ± 0.004 b | 0.059 ± 0.005 a | 0.039 ± 0.003 b |
Cu | 2.37 ± 0.20 a | 1.61 ± 0.14 b | 4.37 ± 0.44 a | 3.38 ± 0.32 b |
Fe | 170 ± 17 a | 111 ± 10 b | 125 ± 12 a | 83.3 ± 8.1 b |
I | 0.66 ± 0.06 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 b | 0.49 ± 0.04 a | 0.48 ± 0.04 a |
Li | 0.83 ± 0.08 a | 0.68 ± 0.06 b | 0.83 ± 0.08 a | 0.60 ± 0.06 b |
Mn | 22.4 ± 2.1 a | 18.7 ± 1.9 a | 27.9 ± 2.6 a | 20.5 ± 2.0 b |
Mo | 3.94 ± 0.34 a | 2.55 ± 0.22 b | 3.9 ± 0.3 a | 3.06 ± 0.30 b |
Se | 0.076 ± 0.01 b | 0.109 ± 0.02 | 0.072 ± 0.01 b | 0.116 ± 0.02 a |
Si | 40.9 ± 4.0 a | 18.9 ± 1.8 b | 147 ± 14.5 a | 90.7 ± 9.0 b |
Zn | 13.1 ± 1.3 a | 11.2 ± 1.1 a | 27.9 ± 2.8 a | 20.7 ± 2.0 b |
Al | 55.6 ± 5.4 a | 18.9 ± 1.8 b | 34.1 ± 3.4 a | 15.8 ± 1.5 b |
As | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a |
Cd | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a |
Cr | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.01 b | 0.28 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b |
Ni | 3.07 ± 0.3 a | 2.96 ± 0.3 a | 1.42 ± 0.12 a | 1.04 ± 0.1 b |
Pb | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.02 b | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.37 ± 0.03 a |
Sr | 40.9 ± 4.0 a | 28.0 ± 2.8 b | 36.9 ± 3.6 a | 31.8 ± 3.1 a |
V | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 b |
Ca/Sr | 296 | 342 | 226 | 195 |
K/Na | 122 | 137 | 169 | 172 |
Petrovich | Synthesis | M. Parnikovy | Picnic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Space | Control | Space | Control | Space | Control | Space | |
Ca | 7222 ± 698 a | 8428 ± 816 a | 5384 ± 522 a | 5917 ± 579 a | 10,725 ± 1000 a | 8090 ± 800 b | 5943 ± 588 a | 5576 ± 550 a |
K | 64,394 ± 6003 a | 73,598 ± 7160 a | 69,683 ± 6943 a | 49,991 ± 5000 b | 60,939 ± 5890 a | 58,027 ± 5723 a | 74,870 ± 7367 a | 81,600 ± 10,012 a |
Mg | 2288 ± 217 a | 2264 ± 208 a | 1698 ± 155 a | 1521 ± 150 a | 2897 ± 281 a | 2009 ± 200 b | 1937 ± 194 a | 1756 ± 175 a |
Na | 608 ± 58 a | 685 ± 622 a | 745 ± 74 a | 526 ± 53 b | 787 ± 78 a | 565 ± 56 b | 639 ± 64 a | 551 ± 55 a |
P | 9327 ± 897 a | 9937 ± 967 a | 8685 ± 845 a | 7919 ± 786 a | 8618 ± 658 a | 7868 ± 680 a | 5160 ± 510 a | 5120 ± 510 a |
B | 15.7 ± 1.4 b | 19.2 ± 1.8 a | 15.2 ± 1.5 a | 13.5 ± 1.3 a | 17.6 ± 1.7 a | 15.8 ± 1.5 a | 16.3 ± 1.6 a | 16.7 ± 1.6 a |
Co | 0.082 ± 0.007 a | 0.096 ± 0.01 a | 0.052 ± 0.005 a | 0.061 ± 0.005 a | 0.1 ± 0.01 a | 0.072 ± 0.005 b | 0.051 ± 0.005 a | 0.054 ± 0.005 a |
Cu | 3.86 ± 0.31 b | 4.73 ± 0.5 a | 3.44 ± 0.31 a | 3.43 ± 0.30 a | 4.21 ± 0.41 a | 3.16 ± 0.32 b | 2.86 ± 0.26 a | 3.32 ± 0.32 a |
Fe | 119 ± 10 b | 171 ± 17 a | 72.8 ± 7.3 b | 90.2 ± 9.0 a | 122 ± 12 a | 143 ± 14 a | 81.0 ± 8.0 a | 91.1 ± 9.0 a |
I | 0.63 ± 0.05 b | 1.21 ± 0.11 a | 0.38 ± 0.03 b | 0.59 ± 0.05 a | 0.52 ± 0.05 a | 0.59 ± 0.06 a | 0.27 ± 0.03 a | 0.31 ± 0.03 a |
Li | 0.58 ± 0.05 a | 0.64 ± 0.06 a | 0.53 ± 0.05 a | 0.47 ± 0.04 a | 0.81 ± 0.08 a | 0.57 ± 0.05 b | 0.67 ± 0.06 a | 0.57 ± 0.05 a |
Mn | 14.9 ± 1.3 a | 17.6 ± 1.6 a | 11.1 ± 1.0 b | 16.4 ± 1.6 a | 18.4 ± 1.77 a | 14.2 ± 1.4 b | 21.4 ± 2.0 a | 19.4 ± 1.9 a |
Mo | 2.09 ± 0.20 a | 2.47 ± 0.23 a | 1.66 ± 0.12 a | 1.74 ± 0.17 a | 3.05 ± 0.30 a | 2.64 ± 0.25 a | 1.65 ± 0.15 a | 1.86 ± 1.7 a |
Se | 0.060 ± 0.006 b | 0.078 ± 0.007 a | 0.054 ± 0.004 b | 0.081 ± 0.008 a | 0.060 ± 0.06 b | 0.090 ± 0.009 a | 0.059 ± 0.006 b | 0.128 ± 0.012 a |
Si | 162 ± 14 a | 155 ± 15 a | 109 ± 10 a | 93.6 ± 9.0 a | 111 ± 10 a | 106 ± 10.0 a | 117 ± 11 a | 111 ± 10 a |
Zn | 26.2 ± 2.4 a | 32.4 ± 3.1 a | 25.4 ± 1.4 a | 23.8 ± 2.3 a | 35.9 ± 3.5 a | 27.2 ± 2.7 b | 28.2 ± 2.8 a | 25.8 ± 2.5 a |
Al | 61.7 ± 6.0 b | 125 ± 12.0 a | 41.2 ± 4.0 b | 58.8 ± 5.5 a | 76.9 ± 7.6 a | 71.7 ± 7.0 a | 65.2 ± 6.5 a | 58.4 ± 5.5 a |
As | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.079 ± 0.008 b | 0.097 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.086 ± 0.008 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 a |
Cd | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | 0.2 ± 0.02 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.098 ± 0.01 a | 0.098 ± 0.001 a |
Cr | 0.36 ± 0.03 b | 0.51 ± 0.05 a | 0.23 ± 0.02 b | 0.35 ± 0.03 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 a | 0.18 ± 0.02 b | 0.24 ± 0.02 a |
Ni | 0.52 ± 0.05 a | 0.46 ± 0.04 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 b | 0.42 ± 0.04 a | 0.49 ± 0.04 b | 0.71 ± 0.07 a | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 a |
Pb | 0.51 ± 0.05 a | 0.59 ± 0.05 a | 0.31 ± 0.03 a | 0.38 ± 0.04 a | 0.59 ± 0.05 a | 0.44 ± 0.04 b | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 a |
Sr | 29.8 ± 2.6 b | 43.5 ± 4.1 a | 28.5 ± 2.7 a | 30.5 ± 3.0 a | 52.7 ± 5.2 a | 39.4 ± 3.9 b | 24.60 ± 2.40 a | 24.9 ± 2.4 a |
V | 0.21 ± 0.02 b | 0.39 ± 0.03 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.2 ± 0.02 a | 0.20 ± 0.02 b | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.24 ± 0.02 a |
K/Na | 106 | 107 | 93.5 | 95.0 | 77.4 | 102.7 | 117.2 | 184.4 |
Ca/Sr | 242.3 | 193.7 | 188.9 | 325.1 | 203.5 | 205.3 | 241.6 | 223.9 |
Brassicaceae | Apiaceae | Asteraceae | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mustard | Rocket | Dill | Coriander | M. Parnikovy | Petrovich | Synthesis | Picnic | |
Ca | − | − | − | |||||
K | − | − | − | |||||
Mg | − | − | − | |||||
Na | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
P | − | − | − | |||||
B | − | + | ||||||
Co | − | − | − | |||||
Cu | − | − | − | + | ||||
Fe | − | − | + | + | ||||
I | − | − | + | + | ||||
Li | − | − | − | |||||
Mn | + | − | − | + | ||||
Mo | − | − | ||||||
Se | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Si | + | − | − | − | ||||
Zn | − | − | ||||||
Al | + | − | − | − | + | + | ||
As | − | − | − | + | − | + | ||
Cd | − | |||||||
Cr | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | |
Ni | + | + | − | + | + | |||
Pb | + | − | − | − | ||||
Sr | − | − | − | − | + | |||
V | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + |
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Kharchenko, V.; Golubkina, N.; Skrypnik, L.; Murariu, O.C.; Vecchietti, L.; Caruso, G. The Effect of One-Year Seed Spaceflight Storage on Yield, Biochemical and Mineral Characteristics of Mature Leafy Vegetables Belonging to Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae Families. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101073
Kharchenko V, Golubkina N, Skrypnik L, Murariu OC, Vecchietti L, Caruso G. The Effect of One-Year Seed Spaceflight Storage on Yield, Biochemical and Mineral Characteristics of Mature Leafy Vegetables Belonging to Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae Families. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(10):1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101073
Chicago/Turabian StyleKharchenko, Viktor, Nadezhda Golubkina, Liubov Skrypnik, Otilia Cristina Murariu, Lorenzo Vecchietti, and Gianluca Caruso. 2023. "The Effect of One-Year Seed Spaceflight Storage on Yield, Biochemical and Mineral Characteristics of Mature Leafy Vegetables Belonging to Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae Families" Horticulturae 9, no. 10: 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101073