Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Yellow and Purple Passion Fruit Genotypes Cultivated in Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Seed Material
2.3. Chemical Priming Treatments
2.4. Seed Sowing and Plant Growth
2.5. Seed Variables
2.5.1. Imbibition Percentage (%)
2.5.2. Seed Moisture (%)
2.5.3. Seed Length, Width, Thickness (mm) and Weight (mg)
2.5.4. Germination Percentage (%)
2.5.5. Day of the First Plant Emergence, Gt50 and Germination Rate
2.6. Seedling Variables
2.6.1. Seedling Height, Root Length (cm), Number of Leaves (units)
2.6.2. Fresh and Dry Biomass (mg)
2.6.3. Ratios
2.6.4. Seedling Vigor Indexes
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seed Variables
3.2. Seed Imbibition and Moisture
3.3. Germination Variables
3.4. Seedling Variables
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Seed Traits
4.2. Seed Imbibition and Moisture
4.3. Germination
4.4. Priming Methods
4.5. Seedling Development
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotypes | Seed Length (mm) | Seed Width (mm) | Seed Thickness (mm) | Seed Weight (10 Seeds mg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
INIAP 2009 | 6.57 ± 0.05 b | 4.50 ± 0.04 a | 1.95 ± 0.02 a | 255.58 ± 4.52 a |
P10 | 6.79 ± 0.06 a | 4.54 ± 0.04 a | 1.99 ± 0.03 a | 256.52 ± 5.23 a |
Gulupa | 5.54 ± 0.02 c | 3.74 ± 0.02 c | 1.81 ± 0.01 b | 186.48 ± 1.41 c |
POR1 | 6.60 ± 0.03 b | 4.15 ± 0.02 b | 1.97 ± 0.01 a | 226.56 ± 1.53 b |
PICH1 | 5.22 ± 0.03 d | 3.76 ± 0.03 c | 1.58 ± 0.01 c | 133.22 ± 0.66 d |
Treatments | Emergence 20 Days (%) | Germination 30 Days (%) | Germination 60 Days (%) | Day of the First Plant Emergence | Gt 50 (Days) | Germination Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1M1 | 13.89 ± 5.56 bcd | 68.05 ± 2.78 c | 91.67 ± 4.81 ab | 16.00 ± 1.53 abc | 24.00 ± 0.58 abc | 0.86 ± 0.02 c |
P2M1 | 13.89 ± 5.50 cd | 66.67 ± 2.40 c | 87.50 ± 4.17 abc | 18.67 ± 2.33 abcd | 25.37 ± 1.64 abcd | 0.83 ± 0.09 c |
P3M1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 13.89 ± 1.39 de | 34.72 ± 2.78 e | 23.00 ± 0.58 cd | 31.17 ± 0.33 bcde | 0.27 ± 0.02 e |
P4M1 | 19.44 ± 11.11 bcd | 79.17 ± 4.17 abc | 88.89 ± 5.01 abc | 16.00 ± 0.58 abc | 21.96 ± 0.29 ab | 0.94 ± 0.05 bc |
P5M1 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | 52.78 ± 7.73 cde | 36.00 ± 2.52 f | 48.31 ± 0.69 i | 0.27 ± 0.04 e |
P1M2 | 2.78 ± 1.39 cd | 20.84 ± 4.17 de | 76.39 ± 1.39 abcde | 18.33 ± 2.19 abcd | 37.94 ± 2.47 efgh | 0.56 ± 0.01 d |
P2M2 | 1.39 ± 1.09 d | 12.50 ± 6.36 e | 84.72 ± 7.73 abc | 21.33 ± 1.45 bcd | 41.00 ± 0.87 fghi | 0.54 ± 0.07 d |
P3M2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 11.11 ± 2.78 e | 43.05 ± 2.78 de | 25.67 ± 2.33 de | 39.94 ± 4.91 efghi | 0.27 ± 0.03 e |
P4M2 | 47.22 ± 3.68 ab | 88.89 ± 3.67 ab | 97.22 ± 1.39 a | 15.33 ± 0.67 abc | 20.06 ± 0.42 a | 1.13 ± 0.02 ab |
P5M2 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | -----* | -----* | -----* |
P1M3 | 1.39 ± 1.09 d | 33.33 ± 8.33 d | 72.22 ± 7.35 abcde | 21.33 ± 0.88 bcd | 36.00 ± 4.37 efg | 0.54 ± 0.07 d |
P2M3 | 5.56 ± 4.56 cd | 68.05 ± 2.78 c | 91.67 ± 0.01 ab | 18.33 ± 2.67 abcd | 24.53 ± 0.66 abc | 0.85 ± 0.04 c |
P3M3 | 2.78 ± 2.08 d | 30.56 ± 1.39 d | 63.89 ± 3.67 bcde | 21.00 ± 2.00 bcd | 31.56 ± 1.11 cdef | 0.50 ± 0.03 de |
P4M3 | 30.56 ± 7.35 abc | 81.95 ± 2.78 abc | 91.66 ± 4.17 ab | 16.00 ± 1.00 abc | 21.69 ± 0.85 ab | 1.00 ± 0.04 bc |
P5M3 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | 70.84 ± 4.17 abcde | 35.33 ± 1.20 f | 43.95 ± 2.63 ghi | 0.39 ± 0.04 de |
P1M4 | 29.17 ± 0.01 abc | 65.28 ± 2.78 c | 81.94 ± 6.06 abcd | 12.33 ± 0.67 a | 22.08 ± 0.94 abc | 0.90 ± 0.03 bc |
P2M4 | 68.06 ± 5.56 a | 94.44 ± 1.39 a | 97.22 ± 1.39 a | 12.00 ± 0.58 a | 16.49 ± 0.90 a | 1.37 ± 0.01 a |
P3M4 | 18.06 ± 1.39 bcd | 73.61 ± 1.39 bc | 81.95 ± 2.78 abcd | 18.67 ± 0.33 abcd | 21.92 ± 0.30 ab | 0.85 ± 0.03 c |
P4M4 | 47.22 ± 3.68 ab | 1.39 ± 1.09 bc | 87.50 ± 4.81 abc | 14.33 ± 0.33 ab | 20.01 ± 0.81 a | 1.00 ± 0.02 bc |
P5M4 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 75.00 ± 0.01 bc | 76.39 ± 11.37 abcd | 32.22 ± 1.76 ef | 43.06 ± 2.17 ghi | 0.43 ± 0.06 de |
P1M5 | 11.11 ± 9.11 cd | 79.17 ± 4.17 abc | 90.28 ± 2.78 ab | 19.00 ± 1.53 abcd | 25.16 ± 0.86 abc | 0.87 ± 0.07 c |
P2M5 | 20.83 ± 9.62 bcd | 83.33 ± 2.40 abc | 90.28 ± 5.01 ab | 16.67 ± 0.33 abc | 23.33 ± 0.42 abc | 0.94 ± 0.06 bc |
P3M5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 19.45 ± 5.01 de | 48.61 ± 8.45 de | 25.33 ± 0.33 de | 34.83 ± 0.44 defg | 0.33 ± 0.05 de |
P4M5 | 18.05 ± 2.78 bcd | 76.39 ± 3.67 bc | 90.28 ± 6.05 ab | 18.67 ± 0.67 abcd | 23.97 ± 0.22 abc | 0.88 ± 0.05 c |
P5M5 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 f | 72.22 ± 3.68 abcde | 38.00 ± 1.15 f | 45.97 ± 1.39 hi | 0.38 ± 0.01 de |
(a) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedling Height (cm) | Root Length (cm) | Top Fresh Weight (mg) | Root Fresh Weight (mg) | Top Dry Weight (mg) | Root Dry Weight (mg) | |
P1M1 | 5.18 ± 0.07 cd | 8.36 ± 0.14 abcde | 351.45 ± 15.03 abcd | 163.80 ± 13.37 cdefg | 76.58 ± 2.77 bcde | 22.89 ± 1.12 defg |
P2M1 | 4.93 ± 0.10 d | 8.11 ± 0.21 bcde | 343.44 ± 14.93 abcde | 193.01 ± 18.92 bcdefg | 77.60 ± 2.77 bcde | 23.81 ± 2.03 defg |
P3M1 | 3.27 ± 0.09 gh | 7.82 ± 0.17 bcde | 238.07 ± 17.15 f | 151.76 ± 12.66 efgh | 48.58 ± 3.93 f | 14.81 ± 0.87 hi |
P4M1 | 5.79 ± 0.11 ab | 9.40 ± 0.36 abc | 363.86 ± 13.48 abc | 122.57 ± 14.56 ghi | 93.23 ± 3.96 abc | 23.63 ± 1.38 defg |
P5M1 | 2.78 ± 0.12 hi | 5.32 ± 0.36 gh | 57.46 ± 5.70 h | 39.91 ± 10.02 jk | 8.54 ± 1.34 h | 3.43 ± 0.57 k |
P1M2 | 4.01 ± 0.06 ef | 9.44 ± 0.65 abcd | 314.35 ± 19.49 bcdef | 187.18 ± 15.37 bcdefg | 76.12 ± 4.76 bcde | 23.37 ± 1.74 defg |
P2M2 | 4.32 ± 0.13 e | 9.97 ± 0.58 ab | 262.76 ± 26.74 ef | 169.69 ± 21.38 cdefg | 58.10 ± 7.91 ef | 17.77 ± 1.67 fgh |
P3M2 | 2.72 ± 0.10 i | 7.12 ± 0.44 ef | 126.02 ± 15.32 g | 62.36 ± 7.91 ijk | 24.38 ± 3.12 g | 9.39 ± 0.86 ij |
P4M2 | 5.73 ± 0.13 abc | 9.51 ± 0.31 abc | 386.97 ± 13.26 abc | 242.07 ± 16.79 abcd | 82.97 ± 2.79 abcd | 24.61 ± 1.08 cdef |
P5M2 | ----* | ----* | ----* | ----* | ----* | ----* |
P1M3 | 5.13 ± 0.11 cd | 10.02 ± 0.26 a | 384.56 ± 22.19 abc | 256.81 ± 28.18 abc | 87.01 ± 4.50 abcd | 26.85 ± 2.10 abcde |
P2M3 | 5.22 ± 0.11 bcd | 8.97 ± 0.28 abcd | 384.91 ± 14.70 abc | 228.91 ± 24.25 abcde | 85.85 ± 3.19 abcd | 25.69 ± 1.84 bcdef |
P3M3 | 4.36 ± 0.23 e | 7.93 ± 0.43 bcde | 307.47 ± 30.46 cdef | 159.57 ± 20.01 defg | 67.75 ± 8.45 def | 19.12 ± 2.15 efgh |
P4M3 | 5.84 ± 0.07 a | 7.56 ± 0.24 de | 358.35 ± 13.66 abcd | 132.09 ± 14.04 fgh | 93.23 ± 3.02 abc | 22.67 ± 1.82 defg |
P5M3 | 3.02 ± 0.11 hi | 5.23 ± 0.42 gh | 71.05 ± 5.58 h | 27.80 ± 4.70 k | 11.64 ± 1.04 h | 4.07 ± 0.49 k |
P1M4 | 5.33 ± 0.09 abcd | 9.46 ± 0.39 abc | 417.00 ± 18.09 a | 276.35 ± 18.00 ab | 102.98 ± 5.89 a | 35.16 ± 1.93 a |
P2M4 | 5.60 ± 0.08 abc | 9.19 ± 0.34 de | 422.67 ± 20.88 a | 303.82 ± 26.37 a | 99.68 ± 5.77 ab | 34.23 ± 1.94 ab |
P3M4 | 3.66 ± 0.08 fg | 7.83 ± 0.26 cde | 281.68 ± 12.33 def | 184.05 ± 10.00 bcdefg | 52.37 ± 3.06 f | 16.73 ± 0.85 gh |
P4M4 | 5.87 ± 0.08 a | 8.30 ± 0.25 abcde | 395.52 ± 16.05 ab | 224.02 ± 20.99 abcde | 94.66 ± 5.44 abc | 32.78 ± 1.59 abc |
P5M4 | 3.31 ± 0.05 gh | 6.76 ± 0.46 efg | 88.68 ± 8.58 gh | 61.48 ± 11.19 ijk | 15.47 ± 1.79 gh | 5.78 ± 0.80 jk |
P1M5 | 5.59 ± 0.13 abc | 7.83 ± 0.24 cde | 345.13 ± 12.87 abcde | 151.08 ± 9.21 efg | 79.56 ± 3.62 abcde | 23.49 ± 1.59 defg |
P2M5 | 5.31 ± 0.05 abcd | 7.51 ± 0.26 de | 342.45 ± 13.31 abcde | 244.00 ± 14.58 abcd | 74.97 ± 2.77 cde | 27.67 ± 1.36 abcd |
P3M5 | 3.02 ± 0.12 hi | 5.92 ± 0.24 fgh | 141.43 ± 12.47 g | 84.09 ± 9.27 hij | 24.36 ± 2.06 g | 9.39 ± 0.90 ij |
P4M5 | 5.70 ± 0.12 abc | 8.32 ± 0.32 abcde | 381.48 ± 14.80 abc | 197.04 ± 13.81 bcdef | 92.96 ± 4.48 abc | 22.66 ± 1.74 defg |
P5M5 | 3.14 ± 0.09 hi | 5.10 ± 0.31 h | 69.73 ± 4.51 h | 38.53 ± 4.27 jk | 12.62 ± 1.02 h | 4.87 ± 0.54 k |
(b) | ||||||
Top/Root Ratio | Top/Root Dry Biomass Ratio | Number of Leaves | Seedling Vigor Index I | Seedling Vigor Index II | ||
P1M1 | 0.62 ± 0.02 cde | 3.58 ± 0.20 abc | 4.14 ± 0.10 fgh | 475.22 ± 24.95 abc | 9.04 ± 0.47 bcde | |
P2M1 | 0.62 ± 0.02 ef | 3.51 ± 0.36 cde | 4.20 ± 0.11 efgh | 431.55 ± 20.55 bc | 8.87 ± 0.42 cde | |
P3M1 | 0.42 ± 0.02 l | 3.26 ± 0.16 cde | 4.58 ± 0.15 bcd | 113.59 ± 9.08 g | 2.20 ± 0.18 h | |
P4M1 | 0.63 ± 0.03 de | 4.08 ± 0.22 ab | 4.73 ± 0.12 abc | 514.51 ± 28.98 ab | 10.39 ± 0.59 bcd | |
P5M1 | 0.55 ± 0.05 ghij | 2.55 ± 0.18 g | 3.40 ± 0.16 i | 146.94 ± 21.53 fg | 0.63 ± 0.09 h | |
P1M2 | 0.42 ± 0.03 kl | 3.31 ± 0.17 cde | 4.09 ± 0.09 gh | 306.35 ± 5.57 de | 7.60 ± 0.14 efg | |
P2M2 | 0.44 ± 0.02 kl | 3.02 ± 0.23 cdef | 3.89 ± 0.20 hi | 365.54 ± 33.37 cd | 6.43 ± 0.59 fg | |
P3M2 | 0.39 ± 0.03 l | 2.57 ± 0.18 g | 4.09 ± 0.09 gh | 117.16 ± 7.55 g | 1.45 ± 0.09 h | |
P4M2 | 0.61 ± 0.03 ef | 3.45 ± 0.18 bcd | 4.73 ± 0.12 abc | 556.85 ± 7.96 a | 10.46 ± 0.15 bcd | |
P5M2 | -----* | -----* | -----* | -----* | -----* | |
P1M3 | 0.52 ± 0.02 ijk | 3.51 ± 0.36 cde | 4.33 ± 0.16 defgh | 370.19 ± 37.67 cd | 8.22 ± 0.84 def | |
P2M3 | 0.59 ± 0.03 efgh | 3.36 ± 0.20 abc | 4.47 ± 0.13 bcdef | 478.86 ± 5.00 abc | 10.12 ± 0.06 bcd | |
P3M3 | 0.56 ± 0.03 fghi | 3.66 ± 0.26 sbc | 4.50 ± 0.19 bcde | 278.76 ± 16.03 de | 5.55 ± 0.32 g | |
P4M3 | 0.78 ± 0.03 a | 4.54 ± 0.41 ab | 4.87 ± 0.17 ab | 535.51 ± 24.34 ab | 10.62 ± 0.48 bc | |
P5M3 | 0.62 ± 0.04 efg | 3.08 ± 0.27 defg | 4.33 ± 0.16 defgh | 214.19 ± 12.60 efg | 1.11 ± 0.07 h | |
P1M4 | 0.58 ± 0.02 efghi | 2.95 ± 0.12 efg | 4.60 ± 0.13 bcd | 436.80 ± 32.28 abc | 11.32 ± 0.84 ab | |
P2M4 | 0.63 ± 0.02 bcde | 2.98 ± 0.17 defg | 4.47 ± 0.17 cdefg | 544.69 ± 7.79 ab | 13.02 ± 0.19 a | |
P3M4 | 0.48 ± 0.02 jkl | 3.15 ± 0.11 cdef | 5.13 ± 0.09 a | 299.60 ± 10.15 de | 5.66 ± 0.19 g | |
P4M4 | 0.72 ± 0.03 ab | 2.94 ± 0.18 efg | 5.00 ± 0.01 a | 513.81 ± 28.24 ab | 11.15 ± 0.61 abc | |
P5M4 | 0.52 ± 0.05 hijk | 2.88 ± 0.36 fg | 4.60 ± 0.31 bcde | 252.81 ± 37.62 def | 1.62 ± 0.24 h | |
P1M5 | 0.72 ± 0.03 ab | 3.59 ± 0.17 abc | 4.40 ± 0.16 defgh | 504.23 ± 15.51 ab | 9.24 ± 0.28 bcde | |
P2M5 | 0.70 ± 0.02 abc | 2.77 ± 0.13 fg | 4.33 ± 0.13 defgh | 479.65 ± 26.61 abc | 9.27 ± 0.51 bcde | |
P3M5 | 0.52 ± 0.03 ijk | 2.85 ± 0.21 efg | 4.13 ± 0.09 fgh | 146.91 ± 25.53 fg | 1.61 ± 0.28 h | |
P4M5 | 0.70 ± 0.03 abcd | 4.40 ± 0.34 a | 4.79 ± 0.11 ab | 227.10 ± 11.55 efg | 10.44 ± 0.70 bcd | |
P5M5 | 0.64 ± 0.04 de | 2.81 ± 0.22 efg | 4.00 ± 0.17 h | 514.30 ± 34.48 ab | 1.26 ± 0.06 h |
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Viera, W.; Shinohara, T.; Sanada, A.; Terada, N.; Ron, L.; Koshio, K. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Yellow and Purple Passion Fruit Genotypes Cultivated in Ecuador. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080754
Viera W, Shinohara T, Sanada A, Terada N, Ron L, Koshio K. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Yellow and Purple Passion Fruit Genotypes Cultivated in Ecuador. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):754. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080754
Chicago/Turabian StyleViera, William, Takashi Shinohara, Atsushi Sanada, Naoki Terada, Lenin Ron, and Kaihei Koshio. 2022. "Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Yellow and Purple Passion Fruit Genotypes Cultivated in Ecuador" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080754