Maintaining Canopy Density under Summer Stress Conditions Retains PSII Efficiency and Modulates Must Quality in Cabernet Franc
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Treatment Applications
2.3. Canopy Parameters and Productivity
2.4. Point Quadrat Analysis
2.5. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis and Leaf and Berry Temperature
2.6. Must Quality Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Conditions
3.2. Canopy, Vegetative, and Productivity Traits
3.3. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis
3.4. Must Quality and Berry Temperature
4. Discussion
4.1. Can Shoot Bundling Be Effective at Reducing Photosynthetic Impairment under Multifactorial Summer Stresses?
4.2. Dense Canopies Reduce Malic Acid Breakdown and Anthocyanins Degradation under Hot Summer Conditions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shoot Number per Plant | Bunch Number per Plant | Bunch Weight per Plant (kg) | Mean Bunch Weight (g FW) | Pruning Wood (g FW) | Ravaz Index | Fertility | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Shoot topping | SSR | 9.71 | 11.92 b | 3.16 b | 271.92 | 0.72 bc | 4.49 bc | 1.25 b |
No SSR | 9.54 | 11.08 b | 2.92 b | 272.52 | 0.69 bc | 4.37 bc | 1.18 b | ||
No shoot topping | SSR | 9.79 | 12.50 b | 3.23 b | 264.32 | 0.77 ab | 4.43 bc | 1.30 b | |
No SSR | 9.33 | 11.71 b | 3.11 b | 272.04 | 0.85 ab | 3.92 c | 1.29 b | ||
2020 | Shoot topping | SSR | 9.70 | 17.39 a | 4.18 a | 252.40 | 0.60 c | 7.17 a | 1.78 a |
No SSR | 9.61 | 18.70 a | 4.79 a | 256.17 | 0.73 bc | 6.82 a | 1.94 a | ||
No shoot topping | SSR | 9.71 | 17.92 a | 4.44 a | 249.21 | 0.83 ab | 5.39 b | 1.85 a | |
No SSR | 9.29 | 17.88 a | 4.66 a | 263.06 | 0.92 a | 5.34 b | 1.94 a | ||
p-value | ST | ns | ns | ns | ns | <0.001 | <0.001 | ns | |
SR | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.015 | ns | ns | ||
Y | ns | <0.001 | <0.001 | ns | ns | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
ST × SR | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
ST × Y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.003 | ns | ||
SR × Y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||
ST × SR × Y | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Bunch Exposure | Berry Temperature (°C) | TSS (Brix°) | pH | Total Acidity | Tartaric Acid | Malic Acid | Potassium (g L−1) | Yeast-Assimilable N (mg L−1) | Anthocyanins (mg L−1) | Polyphenols (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g L−1) | (g L−1) | (g L−1) | ||||||||
South | 35.27 | 23.55 | 3.44 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 1.39 | 1.96 | 35.33 | 348.67 | 529.33 |
North | 29.14 | 22.07 | 3.29 | 4.63 | 7.21 | 1.43 | 1.76 | 21.33 | 481.33 | 645.33 |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.055 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.467 | 0.394 | 0.033 | 0.065 | 0.028 | 0.015 |
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Faralli, M.; Zanzotti, R.; Bertamini, M. Maintaining Canopy Density under Summer Stress Conditions Retains PSII Efficiency and Modulates Must Quality in Cabernet Franc. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080679
Faralli M, Zanzotti R, Bertamini M. Maintaining Canopy Density under Summer Stress Conditions Retains PSII Efficiency and Modulates Must Quality in Cabernet Franc. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080679
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaralli, Michele, Roberto Zanzotti, and Massimo Bertamini. 2022. "Maintaining Canopy Density under Summer Stress Conditions Retains PSII Efficiency and Modulates Must Quality in Cabernet Franc" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080679