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Horticulturae
Volume 12
Issue 5
10.3390/horticulturae12050636
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Article

Analysis of Flower Color Diversity in Phalaenopsis Based on Anthocyanin Metabolism

by
Yenan Wang
1,
Yu Qi
1,
Jiao Zhu
1,
Fei Dong
1,
Sek-Man Wong
1,2,
Zhongjian Liu
3,
Mingxiu Xu
1,
Bo Wang
1,
Haibin Ji
4 and
Xiaohui Lv
1,*
1
Key Laboratory of East China Urban Agriculture, Shandong Engineering Research Center of Ecological Horticultural Plant Breeding, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
2
Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
3
The Cross-Strait Scientific and Technological Innovation Hub of Flower Industry, Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
4
Company of Dongying Shuangfu Fusheng Agricultural Development, Dongying 257000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050636 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 March 2026 / Revised: 14 May 2026 / Accepted: 18 May 2026 / Published: 20 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchids: Advances in Propagation, Cultivation and Breeding)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Phalaenopsis hybrids are the most popular potted flowers in flower markets worldwide because they exhibit various flower colors, including yellow, green, white and red-purple. A thorough assessment of petal color polymorphism in Phalaenopsis enables the promotion of mechanistic studies on floral coloration regulation. In this study, we collected 156 Phalaenopsis germplasms to assess their chromativity value (L*, a* and b*), and then divided them into six groups according to their petal color: white (21), green (11), yellow-orange (37), pink (40), purplish-red (25) and dark red (22). Significant correlations were detected between petal color chromaticity indices and both the total concentration and the compositional ratio of the two primary anthocyanin components: cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Cy3G5G) and delphinidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Dp3G5G). The red petal phenotype was largely determined by high accumulations of Cy3G5G and Dp3G5G, as well as a high Cy3G5G/Dp3G5G ratio. By integrating CIELab color parameters with anthocyanin composition and gene expression analyses, a quantitative regulatory model for Phalaenopsis flower color was established. We have revealed that the phenotypic traits of high a* and low L* values are directly associated with the high expression of key structural genes (PhF3′H, PhDFR, PhF3′5′H). These results provide molecular markers and a screening basis for screening, enabling directional flower color breeding, and significantly enhancing the predictability and accuracy of breeding programs.
Keywords: Phalaenopsis; flower color diversity; chromatic value; anthocyanin accumulation Phalaenopsis; flower color diversity; chromatic value; anthocyanin accumulation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Qi, Y.; Zhu, J.; Dong, F.; Wong, S.-M.; Liu, Z.; Xu, M.; Wang, B.; Ji, H.; Lv, X. Analysis of Flower Color Diversity in Phalaenopsis Based on Anthocyanin Metabolism. Horticulturae 2026, 12, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050636

AMA Style

Wang Y, Qi Y, Zhu J, Dong F, Wong S-M, Liu Z, Xu M, Wang B, Ji H, Lv X. Analysis of Flower Color Diversity in Phalaenopsis Based on Anthocyanin Metabolism. Horticulturae. 2026; 12(5):636. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050636

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yenan, Yu Qi, Jiao Zhu, Fei Dong, Sek-Man Wong, Zhongjian Liu, Mingxiu Xu, Bo Wang, Haibin Ji, and Xiaohui Lv. 2026. "Analysis of Flower Color Diversity in Phalaenopsis Based on Anthocyanin Metabolism" Horticulturae 12, no. 5: 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050636

APA Style

Wang, Y., Qi, Y., Zhu, J., Dong, F., Wong, S.-M., Liu, Z., Xu, M., Wang, B., Ji, H., & Lv, X. (2026). Analysis of Flower Color Diversity in Phalaenopsis Based on Anthocyanin Metabolism. Horticulturae, 12(5), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050636

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