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Article

Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAKS2: A Multifaceted Endophyte Enhancing Growth and Combating Anthracnose in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.)

by
Tuong Manh Ho
1,†,
Huy Quang Pham
1,2,†,
Manh Van Le
1,
Ha Hong Thi Nguyen
1,
Hoa Thi Tran
1,
Quyen Phan
1,
Trong Dinh Nguyen
1,2,
Tho Thi Nguyen
3,
Chung Huy Nguyen
3,
Son Nghia Hoang
4,
Ha Hoang Chu
1,2 and
Phat Tien Do
1,2,*
1
Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
2
Department of Biology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
3
Plant Protection Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
4
Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Hanoi Highway, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Horticulturae 2026, 12(4), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040442
Submission received: 4 March 2026 / Revised: 29 March 2026 / Accepted: 31 March 2026 / Published: 3 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))
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Abstract

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been collected and used to promote plant growth and enhance disease tolerance of various crops. In the current work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAKS2, an endophytic strain isolated from the rhizosphere of sweet orange, exhibited both growth promotion and antimicrobial activities. Under the in vitro condition, the CAKS2 showed multiple plant growth-promoting properties such as phosphate, potassium, and calcium solubilization, nitrogen fixation as well as production of siderophores, IAA, ammonia, exopolysaccharides, hydrogen cyanide, and biofilm formation. This P. aeruginosa strain inhibited the growth of different tested fungal and bacterial pathogens. Under the in vivo condition, the CAKS2 enhanced sweet orange plant growth, indicated by increases in the root and shoot lengths, the leaf number, and the total biomass. The biochemical components and the transcription levels of genes related to plant hormone biosynthesis were altered in the CAKS2-inoculated sweet orange. Under the in vivo infection of C. gloeosporioides, the CAKS2 reduced the diameter of lesions on orange leaves and harvested fruits and decreased disease severity and incidence at the whole plant level. The whole genome sequence of CAKS2 showed the presence of candidate genes involved in different molecular pathways contributing to plant-promoting and biocontrol properties. Importantly, certain changes in the expression of gene response for plant growth promotion and biocontrol were observed when the CAKS2 was exposed to sweet orange root exudates. This study highlights P. aeruginosa CAKS2 as a potential PGPR strain for enhancing plant growth and C. gloeosporioides tolerance in sweet orange and other citrus plants.
Keywords: anthracnose; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; PGPR; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Citrus sinensis; endophytic bacteria; biocontrol anthracnose; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; PGPR; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Citrus sinensis; endophytic bacteria; biocontrol

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ho, T.M.; Pham, H.Q.; Le, M.V.; Nguyen, H.H.T.; Tran, H.T.; Phan, Q.; Nguyen, T.D.; Nguyen, T.T.; Nguyen, C.H.; Hoang, S.N.; et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAKS2: A Multifaceted Endophyte Enhancing Growth and Combating Anthracnose in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.). Horticulturae 2026, 12, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040442

AMA Style

Ho TM, Pham HQ, Le MV, Nguyen HHT, Tran HT, Phan Q, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TT, Nguyen CH, Hoang SN, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAKS2: A Multifaceted Endophyte Enhancing Growth and Combating Anthracnose in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.). Horticulturae. 2026; 12(4):442. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040442

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ho, Tuong Manh, Huy Quang Pham, Manh Van Le, Ha Hong Thi Nguyen, Hoa Thi Tran, Quyen Phan, Trong Dinh Nguyen, Tho Thi Nguyen, Chung Huy Nguyen, Son Nghia Hoang, and et al. 2026. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAKS2: A Multifaceted Endophyte Enhancing Growth and Combating Anthracnose in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.)" Horticulturae 12, no. 4: 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040442

APA Style

Ho, T. M., Pham, H. Q., Le, M. V., Nguyen, H. H. T., Tran, H. T., Phan, Q., Nguyen, T. D., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, C. H., Hoang, S. N., Chu, H. H., & Do, P. T. (2026). Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAKS2: A Multifaceted Endophyte Enhancing Growth and Combating Anthracnose in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.). Horticulturae, 12(4), 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040442

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