Kombucha Healthy Drink—Recent Advances in Production, Chemical Composition and Health Benefits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Kombucha Production
3. Microorganisms Involved in Kombucha Fermentation
4. Chemical Compositions of Kombucha
Component | Chemical | References |
---|---|---|
Organic acids | acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, butyric acid | [31,43,73,74] |
Polyphenols | catechins [α-epicatechin, α-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), α-epigallocatechin (EGC), α-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), α-gallocatechin, β-catechin], caffeine, theaflavin, thearubigins, gallotannins | [73,75,76] |
Vitamins | vitamin B1, B2, B6, B9, B12, C | [74,77,78] |
Amino acids | isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, proline, serine, tyrosine | [79] |
Proteins/organic nitrogen/hydrolytic enzymes | peptides, biogenic amines (ethylamine, choline, adenine, histamine tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, spermidine, spermine), proteinase, peptidase, catalase | [80,81,82] |
Minerals/anions | manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, bromide, chloride, iodide, fluoride | [77,83,84] |
Alcohol | Ethanol | [85] |
Other substances | Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rutin), alkaloids, purines, lipids, D-saccharic acid-1,4-lactone (DSL), carbon dioxide | [4,7] |
5. Health Benefits of Kombucha
5.1. Antioxidant Activity
5.2. Antimicrobial Activity
5.3. Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Activities
5.4. Other Benefits
6. Adverse Effects of Kombucha
7. Clinical Trials of Kombucha Health Benefits
8. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganisms | Name | References |
---|---|---|
Acetic acid bacteria | Acetobacter xylinum | [45] |
Acetobacter aceti | [46] | |
Acetobacter pausterianus, Acetobacter intermedius | [19,47,48] | |
Acetobacter peroxydans | [17] | |
Acetobacter pomorum, Acetobacter malorum | [19] | |
Acetobacter tropicalis, Acetobacter senegalensis | [19,49] | |
Acetobacter nitrogenifigens Gluconobacter oxydans Gluconacetobacter entanii Komagataeibacter europaeus Komagataeibacter kombuchae | [50,51] [17,49] [21] [17,46,49] [51] | |
Komagataeibacter medellinensis | [49] | |
Komagataeibacter nataicola Komagataeibacter rhaeticus | [49] [19,49] | |
Komagataeibacter saccharivorans | [46,49] | |
Komagataeibacter xylinus | [49] | |
Lactic acid bacteria | Bifidobacterium sp., Lactococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens Lactobacillus mali Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | [52] [53] [54] |
Liquorilactobacillus nagelii | [49,52] | |
Liquorilactobacillus satsumensis | [52] | |
Limosilactobacillus fermentum | [46] | |
Oenococcus oeni | [17] | |
Yeasts | Arxula adeninivorans | [46] |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | [46,49,55] | |
Saccharomyces bisporus | [56] | |
Saccharomycodes ludwigii | [49,57] | |
Schizosaccharomyces pombe | [19,49,58] | |
Starmerella davenpoortii, Zygosaccharomyces bisporus | [49] | |
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii | [59] | |
Zygosaccharomyces bailii | [17,19,47,60] | |
Zygosaccharomyces parabailii | [21] | |
Zygosaccharomyces kombuchaensis | [60,61] | |
Brettanomyces intermedius | [59] | |
Brettanomyces bruxellensis | [17,19,49,58] | |
Brettanomyces anomalus | [17,49] | |
Brettanomyces claussenii Brettanomyces/Dekkera sp. | [62] [63] | |
Candida arabinofermentans | [19] | |
Candida guilliermondii, Candida colleculosa, Candida kefyr, Candida krusei, Candida stellata | [57,58] | |
Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Hanseniaspora vineae | [17,60] | |
Kloeckera apiculata, Kluyeromyces africanus | [55] | |
Pichia membranefaciens | [59] | |
Torulaspora delbrueckii | [58,60] |
Component | Techniques or Platforms | References |
---|---|---|
Organic acids | High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an Agilent ZORBAX® SB-C18 column and a UV detector | [93] |
HPLC equipped with a C18 column and a UV detector | [14] | |
Polyphenols (catechins), caffeine | HPLC equipped with a Waters Symmetry C18 column and a UV detector | [94] |
HPLC coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDAD) and an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column | [95] | |
Sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) | HPLC equipped with a Waters XBridgeTM Amdie column and an evaporative light-scattering detector | [96] |
Pigments (anthocyanins) | HPLC equipped with an Agilent ZORBAX® SB-C18 column and a UV detector | [97] |
Alcohol | Ebuliometer | [14] |
Alcoholometer | [15] | |
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) | [12] | |
Volatile compounds | Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) | [19,46] |
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Kitwetcharoen, H.; Phung, L.T.; Klanrit, P.; Thanonkeo, S.; Tippayawat, P.; Yamada, M.; Thanonkeo, P. Kombucha Healthy Drink—Recent Advances in Production, Chemical Composition and Health Benefits. Fermentation 2023, 9, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010048
Kitwetcharoen H, Phung LT, Klanrit P, Thanonkeo S, Tippayawat P, Yamada M, Thanonkeo P. Kombucha Healthy Drink—Recent Advances in Production, Chemical Composition and Health Benefits. Fermentation. 2023; 9(1):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010048
Chicago/Turabian StyleKitwetcharoen, Haruthairat, Ly Tu Phung, Preekamol Klanrit, Sudarat Thanonkeo, Patcharaporn Tippayawat, Mamoru Yamada, and Pornthap Thanonkeo. 2023. "Kombucha Healthy Drink—Recent Advances in Production, Chemical Composition and Health Benefits" Fermentation 9, no. 1: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010048