Improvement of Rumen Fermentation Efficiency Using Different Energy Sources: In Vitro Comparison between Buffalo and Cow
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. In Vitro Fermentation
2.3. End-Products Measurement
2.4. Data Processing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. In Vitro Fermentation
3.2. End-Product Measurement
4. Discussion
4.1. Liquid Feed Effects on In Vitro Fermentation
4.2. Buffalo vs. Bovine
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liquid Feed_1 | Liquid Feed_2 | Liquid Feed_3 | Liquid Feed_4 |
---|---|---|---|
Cane molasses | Cane molasses | Cane molasses | Cane molasses |
- | - | Soluble condensed molasses | - |
Beet molasses | Beet molasses | Beet molasses | |
- | - | Glycerol | |
- | Glucose syrup | Glucose syrup | Glucose syrup |
- | Citrus molasses | - | - |
- | Isomaltulose molasses | Isomaltulose molasses | Isomaltulose molasses |
- | Barley malt | Barley malt | Barley malt |
- | Sucrose | Sucrose | Sucrose |
- | Sodium chloride | Sodium chloride | Sodium chloride |
- | acetic and propionic acids | acetic and propionic acids | acetic and propionic acids |
Liquid Feed_1 | Liquid Feed_2 | Liquid Feed_3 | Liquid Feed_4 | Control Diet | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture | 30.0 | 32.0 | 33.0 | 30.0 | 55.0 |
CP | 8.00 | 7.50 | 12.5 | 5.00 | 13.7 |
EE | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 4.42 |
CF | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 19.9 |
NDF | - | - | - | - | 44.2 |
Ash | 8.50 | 7.00 | 8.00 | 5.50 | 9.00 |
NSC | 40.0 | 41.0 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 28.7 |
NEl (Mcal/kg) | 1.30 | 1.35 | 1.28 | 1.40 | 14.38 |
Diet | OMD (%) | OMCV (mL/g) | Tmax (h) | Rmax (mL/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CTR | 71.0 | 252 | 4.50 | 7.92 |
EXP 1 | 67.2 | 265 | 1.70 | 9.47 |
EXP 2 | 66.2 | 255 | 5.22 | 8.56 |
EXP 3 | 67.7 | 256 | 4.04 | 8.37 |
EXP 4 | 65.4 | 226 | 4.82 | 6.44 |
CTR vs. | ||||
EXP 1 | ** | *** | *** | *** |
EXP 2 | ** | NS | ** | NS |
EXP 3 | * | NS | * | NS |
EXP 4 | *** | *** | NS | *** |
MSE | 1.14 | 2.59 | 0.03 | 0.10 |
Diet | OMD (%) | OMCV (mL/g) | Tmax (h) | Rmax (mL/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CTR | 70.6 | 209 | 10.8 | 4.81 |
EXP 1 | 70.8 | 235 | 7.93 | 6.12 |
EXP 2 | 69.9 | 253 | 4.89 | 7.32 |
EXP 3 | 70.8 | 255 | 5.72 | 7.40 |
EXP 4 | 70.9 | 249 | 4.13 | 7.27 |
CTR vs. | ||||
EXP 1 | NS | *** | ** | *** |
EXP 2 | NS | *** | *** | *** |
EXP 3 | NS | *** | *** | *** |
EXP 4 | NS | *** | *** | *** |
MSE | 0.97 | 8.37 | 0.25 | 0.08 |
Items | OMD (%) | OMCV (mL/g) | Tmax (h) | Rmax (mL/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inoculum effect | ||||
Buffalo | 70.6 | 241 | 6.69 | 6.59 |
Bovine | 67.4 | 251 | 4.06 | 8.15 |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Substrate effect | ||||
p value | 0.0070 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Interaction Substrate x Inoculum | ||||
p value | 0.0080 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
MSE | 1.24 | 5.67 | 0.14 | 0.09 |
CTR vs. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Units | CTR | EXP1 | EXP2 | EXP3 | EXP4 | EXP1 | EXP2 | EXP3 | EXP4 | MSE |
pH | 6.54 | 6.53 | 6.52 | 6.51 | 6.49 | NS | NS | NS | ** | 3e-3 | |
VFA | mmol/l | 98.7 | 109 | 99.2 | 112 | 108 | *** | NS | *** | *** | 1.29 |
Ace | %VFA | 59.1 | 60.1 | 60.1 | 61.3 | 58.8 | NS | NS | ** | NS | 0.51 |
Prop | %VFA | 19.4 | 19.5 | 18.3 | 17.7 | 17.7 | NS | *** | *** | *** | 0.09 |
Iso-But | %VFA | 1.68 | 1.40 | 2.12 | 1.56 | 1.51 | * | ** | NS | NS | 0.01 |
But | %VFA | 14.2 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 15.6 | NS | NS | * | *** | 0.05 |
Iso-Val | %VFA | 2.99 | 2.57 | 3.11 | 3.62 | 4.20 | NS | NS | NS | ** | 0.11 |
Val | %VFA | 2.61 | 2.39 | 2.13 | 2.07 | 2.36 | NS | ** | ** | NS | 0.03 |
BCFA | %VFA | 4.66 | 3.98 | 5.01 | 5.18 | 5.51 | NS | NS | NS | * | 0.16 |
A/P | 3.05 | 3.08 | 3.29 | 3.48 | 3.11 | NS | NS | ** | NS | 0.02 |
CTR vs. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Units | CTR | EXP1 | EXP2 | EXP3 | EXP4 | EXP1 | EXP2 | EXP3 | EXP4 | MSE |
pH | 6.52 | 6.48 | 6.51 | 6.49 | 6.50 | *** | NS | ** | ** | 4.2 × 10−4 | |
VFA | mmol/l | 107 | 108 | 111 | 95.5 | 98.9 | NS | ** | *** | *** | 0.74 |
Ace | %VFA | 62.5 | 62.6 | 60.8 | 64.7 | 63.5 | NS | *** | *** | * | 0.12 |
Prop | %VFA | 19.4 | 19.4 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 19.4 | NS | * | * | NS | 0.09 |
Iso-But | %VFA | 1.12 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 1.04 | 0.94 | NS | NS | NS | * | 0.005 |
But | %VFA | 12.4 | 14.07 | 13.5 | 11.6 | 12.5 | ** | * | NS | NS | 0.32 |
Iso-Val | %VFA | 2.99 | 2.06 | 2.22 | 2.05 | 1.90 | *** | *** | *** | *** | 0.002 |
Val | %VFA | 1.73 | 1.70 | 1.53 | 1.56 | 1.99 | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.01 |
BCFA | %VFA | 3.96 | 3.18 | 3.22 | 2.98 | 2.82 | *** | *** | *** | *** | 0.03 |
A/P | 3.25 | 3.17 | 2.97 | 3.23 | 3.30 | NS | ** | NS | NS | 0.009 |
pH | VFA | Ace | Prop | Iso-But | But | Iso-Val | Val | BCFA | A/P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inoculum effect | ||||||||||
Buffalo | 6.50 | 104 | 62.8 | 19.7 | 1.06 | 12.8 | 2.24 | 1.70 | 3.23 | 3.20 |
Bovine | 6.52 | 105 | 59.9 | 18.5 | 1.65 | 14.4 | 3.30 | 2.31 | 4.87 | 3.18 |
p value | 0.0007 | 0.0015 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.710 |
Substrate effect | ||||||||||
p value | 0.0008 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0014 | 0.0006 | 0.0008 | 0.0040 |
Interaction Substrate x Inoculum | ||||||||||
p value | 0.0142 | <0.001 | 0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.0890 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
MSE | 2e-4 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.09 | 0.008 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.027 | 0.09 | 0.014 |
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Vastolo, A.; Matera, R.; Serrapica, F.; Cutrignelli, M.I.; Neglia, G.; Kiatti, D.d.; Calabrò, S. Improvement of Rumen Fermentation Efficiency Using Different Energy Sources: In Vitro Comparison between Buffalo and Cow. Fermentation 2022, 8, 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080351
Vastolo A, Matera R, Serrapica F, Cutrignelli MI, Neglia G, Kiatti Dd, Calabrò S. Improvement of Rumen Fermentation Efficiency Using Different Energy Sources: In Vitro Comparison between Buffalo and Cow. Fermentation. 2022; 8(8):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080351
Chicago/Turabian StyleVastolo, Alessandro, Roberta Matera, Francesco Serrapica, Monica I. Cutrignelli, Gianluca Neglia, Dieu donné Kiatti, and Serena Calabrò. 2022. "Improvement of Rumen Fermentation Efficiency Using Different Energy Sources: In Vitro Comparison between Buffalo and Cow" Fermentation 8, no. 8: 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080351