Co-Culture of Filamentous Feed-Grade Fungi and Microalgae as an Alternative to Increase Feeding Value of Ethanol Coproducts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganisms, Medium Preparation, and Experimental Design
2.2. Cell Harvest and Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mycoalgae Development in Whole Stillage
3.2. Cell Growth–Kinetics and Biomass Distribution
3.3. Factorial Results
3.3.1. Nutrient Removal and Enzymatic Activity
3.3.2. Lipid Analysis
3.3.3. Statistical Significance and Overlook of Results
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | pH0 | Temperature (°C) | Fungi/Algae |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.6 | 27 | 1/1200 |
2 | 4.6 | 30 | 1/600 |
3 | 4.6 | 33 | 1/300 |
4 | 5.7 | 27 | 1/600 |
5 | 5.7 | 30 | 1/300 |
6 | 5.7 | 33 | 1/1200 |
7 | 6.8 | 27 | 1/300 |
8 | 6.8 | 30 | 1/1200 |
9 | 6.8 | 33 | 1/600 |
Experiment | TNf (mg L−1) | ΔN% | TPf (mg L−1) | ΔP% | CODf (g·L−1) | ΔCOD% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 823.33 ± 77.78 | 34.13 | 614.44 ± 9.55 | 55.48 | 44.93 ± 6.76 | 44.01 |
2 | 473.00 ± 116.37 | 62.16 | 493.33 ± 47.13 | 64.25 | 32.15 ± 4.19 | 59.94 |
3 | 482.62 ± 15.79 | 61.39 | 599.09 ± 22.01 | 56.59 | 36.89 ± 11.14 | 54.03 |
4 | 525.21 ± 71.37 | 57.98 | 616.79 ± 58.29 | 55.31 | 39.03 ± 8.52 | 51.36 |
5 | 371.17 ± 41.37 | 70.31 | 622.90 ± 40.18 | 54.86 | 28.55 ± 4.53 | 64.42 |
6 | 166.67 ± 38.18 | 86.67 | 585.62 ± 29.14 | 57.56 | 31.49 ± 10.96 | 60.76 |
7 | 194.33 ± 61.52 | 84.45 | 584.36 ± 34.49 | 57.66 | 37.17 ± 3.14 | 53.68 |
8 | 261.02 ± 4.95 | 79.12 | 550.52 ± 18.62 | 60.11 | 32.27 ± 1.76 | 59.79 |
9 | 111.73 ± 69.86 | 91.06 | 559.77 ± 18.79 | 59.44 | 41.61 ± 5.40 | 48.15 |
Experiment | Xylanase (U mL−1) | Endoglucanase (U·mL−1) | Cellulase (U mL−1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 23.69 ± 0.50 | 23.23 ± 0.14 | 20.22 ± 0.47 |
2 | 23.59 ± 5.15 | 23.37 ± 0.16 | 20.43 ± 0.27 |
3 | 23.80 ± 0.95 | 23.80 ± 0.49 | 20.62 ± 0.93 |
4 | 32.34 ± 3.74 | 25.49 ± 1.01 | 24.68 ± 2.41 |
5 | 25.45 ± 2.57 | 23.55 ± 1.44 | 20.68 ± 3.35 |
6 | 37.58 ± 2.14 | 29.76 ± 1.74 | 30.64 ± 1.79 |
7 | 29.40 ± 4.18 | 24.77 ± 1.88 | 23.97 ± 2.92 |
8 | 38.69 ± 5.51 | 31.88 ± 3.66 | 30.77 ± 3.99 |
9 | 37.94 ± 3.14 | 31.16 ± 1.26 | 30.49 ± 2.01 |
Experiment | Lipid (%) | C18:2 (% Lipid) |
---|---|---|
1 | 4.03 ± 1.71 | 11.78 ± 1.04 |
2 | 6.38 ± 2.62 | 7.49 ± 0.86 |
3 | 5.89 ± 0.96 | 7.33 ± 3.87 |
4 | 9.49 ± 0.97 | 9.72 ± 1.58 |
5 | 6.10 ± 0.83 | 7.46 ± 2.60 |
6 | 9.33 ± 1.97 | 6.48 ± 0.87 |
7 | 8.74 ± 5.66 | 38.98 ± 0.59 |
8 | 12.08 ± 1.68 | 32.62 ± 0.68 |
9 | 14.98 ± 3.30 | 46.25 ± 1.65 |
Factor | Xyl. | E.G. | Cel. | Lipid | C18:2 | TN | TP | COD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH0 | 21.29 (0.045) | 21.55 (0.044) | 24.15 (0.040) | 37.92 (0.026) | 41.16 (0.024) | 5.39 (0.157) | 1.06 (0.485) | 1.22 (0.450) |
Temperature | 3.68 (0.214) | 8.98 (0.100) | 7.51 (0.117) | 6.65 (0.131) | 0.77 (0.564) | 2.23 (0.309) | 1.13 (0.470) | 3.95 (0.202) |
A:F | 8.00 (0.111) | 11.76 (0.078) | 11.32 (0.081) | 10.18 (0.089) | 0.62 (0.616) | 0.16 (0.864) | 0.96 (0.511) | 0.51 (0.661) |
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Rodrigues Reis, C.E.; Ogero D’Otaviano, L.; Rajendran, A.; Hu, B. Co-Culture of Filamentous Feed-Grade Fungi and Microalgae as an Alternative to Increase Feeding Value of Ethanol Coproducts. Fermentation 2018, 4, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040086
Rodrigues Reis CE, Ogero D’Otaviano L, Rajendran A, Hu B. Co-Culture of Filamentous Feed-Grade Fungi and Microalgae as an Alternative to Increase Feeding Value of Ethanol Coproducts. Fermentation. 2018; 4(4):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040086
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues Reis, Cristiano E., Larissa Ogero D’Otaviano, Aravindan Rajendran, and Bo Hu. 2018. "Co-Culture of Filamentous Feed-Grade Fungi and Microalgae as an Alternative to Increase Feeding Value of Ethanol Coproducts" Fermentation 4, no. 4: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4040086