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Article

The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity

by
Paola Rodríguez-Rugarcía
1,
Leonel Cuamatzin-García
1,
María de Lourdes Meza-Jiménez
2,
Ma. del Rocío Baños-Lara
1,3,
Diego Salatiel Zaragoza-Maldonado
3,
Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Espinosa
3,
Erika Lozada-Pérezmitre
4 and
Beatriz Pérez-Armendáriz
1,*
1
Deanery of Life and Health Sciences, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico
2
Deanery of Life and Health Sciences, School of Nutrition, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico
3
Oncological Research Center, Una Nueva Esperanza-Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico
4
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fermentation 2025, 11(4), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231
Submission received: 13 February 2025 / Revised: 20 February 2025 / Accepted: 3 March 2025 / Published: 21 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Microbial Fermentation in Foods and Beverages)
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Abstract

:
Introduction: Non-communicable chronic diseases, such as overweight and obesity, are considered a high risk for type 2 diabetes. Globally, there are 536.6 million people with diabetes. Mexico has a high prevalence of these diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a synbiotic beverage and a 12-week dietary intervention on body composition and biochemical parameters in women with T2D, overweight, or obesity as an additional strategy for treatment. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, and experimental study of a 12-week dietary intervention with a synbiotic fermented beverage with n = 51 women divided into four groups: G1 followed a moderate calorie-restricted diet, G2 followed the same moderate calorie-restricted diet and consumed a synbiotic beverage, G3 only consumed the synbiotic beverage, and G4 consumed a placebo beverage. Results: Significant changes were seen in BMI (p < 0.001) and fat mass (kg) (%) (p < 0.001) after the 12-week dietary intervention, proving that the synbiotic beverage had an effect on body composition. Conclusions: Significant decreases in different body composition and biochemical profiles were seen, showing the benefits of the beverage. A dietary intervention and the consumption of a fermented beverage could be an additional treatment for non-communicable diseases.

1. Introduction

Nowadays, overweight and obesity are considered detonating risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1]. In 2021, the global prevalence of T2D in adults was approximately 536.6 million people. It is estimated that this number will increase to 783.2 million by 2045 [2]. Mexico is not an exception, ranking seventh in the world for T2D prevalence. According to the National Survey of Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT), this represents 12.4 million people with diabetes [3].
As is well known, there are proven ways to treat T2D, overweight, and obesity. However, in recent years, new alternatives to these treatments have emerged. The nutritional aspects of diets have revealed important benefits for improving human health, such as the intake of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. These are associated with weight loss, a low glycemic index, and lower cholesterol levels, among others [4].
Probiotics are living beneficial microorganisms, while prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of gut bacteria [5,6]. In this study, a synbiotic was developed using a traditional Mexican fermented beverage called “aguamiel”, which was tasted in a previous study [7]. It is defined as a fresh drink made from various species of Agave, and it was used to improve biochemical profiles and body composition. Dysbiosis, an alteration in gut microbiota homeostasis, has been associated with chronic diseases [8,9]. Aguamiel works by reducing the concentration of soluble carbohydrates, contributing to decreasing the glycemic index by delaying gastric emptying and reducing starch availability [10].
From early life, synbiotics (a combination of prebiotics and probiotics) have shown beneficial effects on obesity and T2D and other metabolic diseases [11]. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results, especially when given to individuals with T2D and obesity [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. However, although probiotics and synbiotics have shown positive effects on glycemic control and other metabolic parameters, some studies have failed to confirm these effects. Therefore, further research is needed to provide a comprehensive conclusion on their impact [35]. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a synbiotic beverage and a 12-week dietary intervention on body composition and biochemical profiles in women with T2D, overweight, or obesity as an additional strategy for treatment.

2. Materials and Methods

This was a longitudinal, prospective, double-blinded, randomized, and experimental clinical trial study. The sample was randomized by identifying similar factors between the groups, ensuring equal representation. Thus, we intentionally generated homogeneous groups. This dietary intervention was approved by the ethics committee of the university [CEIUPAEP18/2021], the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Mexican Health Law [36]. The protocol was approved under the ID code CON-BIOETICA21CEI00620131021. All participants provided written informed consent.
The inclusion criteria were women between 30 and 50 years old with overweight (BMI > 25), obesity (BMI > 30), or T2D, diagnosed for at least three years according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria. Participants were undergoing their prescribed medical treatments. Those who did not meet these criteria were excluded. Initially, the sample included 62 women, with an attrition of 11 women (n = 51). Women who did not complete the dietary intervention were excluded due to lack of participation, missing blood samples, lack of interest, or other reasons. The study flowchart and enrollment are illustrated in Figure 1.
In this dietary intervention, a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage was developed by diluting aguamiel (1:1 ratio with water). It was pasteurized at 80 °C for 30 min in a 30 L fermenter (Grainfather G30v3®, Ningbo, China) and inoculated with 0.5% of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei with an optical density (OD) between 0.6 and 0.8. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. At the end of the incubation period, the concentration of bacteria in the symbiotic beverage was measured, yielding 1 × 1010 CFU/mL. This synbiotic beverage was used by a previous study conducted by the same university [7]. A placebo beverage was also developed using rice water, acid citric, and sweetener fermented using Grainfather G30v3® pasteurized at 80 °C for 30 min; it was then bottled and left to cool off, and after this process, the bottles were kept refrigerated (4 °C).
The measurements were taken at two different times, namely at the beginning of the study and then 12 weeks after. Body composition parameters were measured, including weight, height, BMI, waist/hip ratio, and bioimpedance (TANITA BC-418). Also, biochemical profiles were tested, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) index.
The dietary intervention was carried out as follows: The participants were assigned to four different groups, including three experimental groups and a control group. Group one (G1) (n = 15) followed a moderate calorie-restricted diet of 1500 kcal with a distribution of 50% of carbohydrates, 30% of lipids, and 20% of proteins. Group two (G2) (n = 12) followed the same moderate calorie-restricted diet and consumed 120 mL of a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage, while group three (G3) (n = 13) consumed 120 mL of the synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage without a restricted diet or any other dietary intervention. Finally, group four (G4) (n = 11) consumed 120 mL of the placebo beverage with the same organoleptic characteristics without a restricted diet or any other dietary intervention, with this group being the control. All of the groups followed the same instructions for 12 weeks.
For this study, statistical inference was performed using IBM SPSS® Statistics 29 and MINITAB® Inc. 21.3. Additionally, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were statistically evaluated by means of Pearson correlation tests (r2), a t test, and average tests (ANOVA).

3. Results

Of the total of 62 women, 11 were excluded from the study for various reasons; 5 did not complete the treatment, 2 did not receive the fermented beverage on time, and 4 did not show up for the blood test. Therefore, 51 women (G1 = 15, G2 =12, G3 = 13, and G4 = 11) completed the study.
The following results are presented for the four groups, showing the body composition and biochemical profiles at the beginning and end of 12-week dietary intervention.
Table 1 shows the body composition parameters before and after the 12-week dietary intervention. For G1, changes were observed in waist circumference (M = 92.6, SD = 10.6), p = 0.017, and hip circumference (M = 105.5, SD = 9.6) (p = 0.029). For BMI, the results were M = 29.1, SD = 4.8, and p = 0.044, and for fat mass (kg), the results were M = 27.5, SD = 9.4, and p = 0.058. These results indicate the effectiveness of the moderate calorie-restricted diet alone.
For G2, as predicted, the women experienced significant weight loss (M = 76.3, SD = 12.2) (p = 0.015), having followed a moderate calorie-restricted diet and consumed 120 mL of a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage. The fat mass (%) in G2 was significantly reduced (M = 39.1, SD = 5.5) (p = 0.003), showing the most statically significant change among the four groups. The BMI of G2 also showed a statically greater significance (M = 30.8, SD = 3.9) (p < 0.001) compared to G1 (M = 29.1, SD = 4.8) (p = 0.044). Additionally, the waist circumference of G2 showed greater statistical significance (M = 97, SD = 10) (p = 0.006) compared to G1 (M = 92.6, SD = 10.6) (p = 0.017).
In G3, the only significant change was seen in hip circumference (M = 104.3, SD = 12.2) (p = 0.051), likely due to the consumption of the synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage alone. For G4, no statistically significant changes were observed.
For the biochemical profiles, the following was reported (Table 2): TC showed a statistically significant change in G2 (M = 185.4, SD = 24.3) (p = 0.006). LDL-C showed the greatest statistically significant change (M = 94.2, SD = 19) (p = 0.054) compared to G1, G3, and G4.
For Table 3, the correlation between the initial weight measurement and the weight measured after 12 weeks was significant (p < 0.005). The table shows that several variables had a significant impact, including BMI (p < 0.001), fat mass (%) (p < 0.001), and fat mass (kg) (p < 0.001). For the biochemical profiles, it was found that the serum insulin had a statistically significant correlation with weight after 12 weeks (p = 0.003) and with fat mass (kg) (p = 0.017). HbA1C (p = 0.008) and serum glucose (p = 0.049) were statistically significant when compared to the waist/hip ratio.
In the box and whiskers plots (Figure 2 and Figure 3), the horizontal line in the middle of each box represents the median value while the X indicates de mean value. The lower and upper ends of the box represent the 25 and 75th percentiles; and the peripheral lines extending to the outer fences indicates the minimum and maximum. Meanwhile, the dot extending the peripheral lines suggests the presence of distinct subgroups within the studied population.
Figure 2 shows that for serum insulin outcomes, G1 had a significantly higher mean than the other three groups. The G1 box is positioned in a higher range, indicating that both its median and quartiles are higher compared to those of the other groups.
Figure 3 demonstrates that regarding the post-HOMA index, G1 had higher mean and median values than the other groups. This group also had a wider interquartile range, suggesting greater variability in the results. G2 and G4 had ranges and distributions that were more similar to each other, both with lower means and medians compared to G1.

4. Discussion

The application of a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage has been proven to have effects on body composition parameters and biochemical profiles, as evidenced by several authors [5,36,37,38,39,40,41]. In previous studies, synbiotic fermented beverages were used as supplementations to assess body composition, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles, similar to the approach used in references [40,42]. The duration of the dietary intervention in this study was 12 weeks, consistent with references [38,39,42,43,44,45]. This contrasts with the study conducted by Darvishi et al. (2020), in which the dietary intervention lasted 8 weeks [46].
In our study, we found significant weight loss in only one group (G2), which followed a moderate calorie-restricted diet and consumed a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage. In contrast, G1 showed significant changes in body composition, such as waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, and fat mass, which were attributed to the moderate calorie-restricted diet. For G3, the only change observed was related to the hip circumference, while G4 showed no significant changes. These findings suggest that the combination of a moderate calorie-restricted diet and a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage has synergistic effects [45,47] on individuals with overweight, obesity, and T2D compared to a moderate calorie-restricted diet without a synbiotic beverage. One of the most interesting aspects of our study was the impact of the body composition trend observed in G2 compared to the other groups (G1 and G3).
According to the findings of the present study, there were significant differences in weight loss, which contrasts with the results of Rabiei et al. (2019) and Othman et al. (2022). However, several other studies reported no significant differences [44,45,46,48]. Our results are consistent with those reported by Jamshidi et al. (2022), Rabiei et al. (2019), Chaiyasut et al. (2021), and Darvishi et al. (2020), which showed significant changes in BMI [42,44,46,49]. For fat mass, significant changes were reported, which contrasts with the findings of different previous studies.
On the other hand, the findings regarding the biochemical profile show significant changes in the HOMA index and serum insulin but only in one group, which is consistent with Othman et al. (2022) and Darvishi et al. (2020), who also reported significant differences. However, this group was not the one that received the synbiotic beverage. Additionally, anthropometric variables did not show significant differences in any of the groups. Moreover, BMI, fat mass, HOMA index, and serum insulin revealed significant differences due to the conditions under which the study was conducted.
Our data confirm the findings of studies conducted by several other authors, where promising associations with body composition were observed. In the present study, as described in the Results Section, the synbiotic fermented beverage contributed to considerable changes. It was also demonstrated that the dose and consumption duration of this beverage were adequate to positively influence body composition in our trial. As previously mentioned, Othman et al. (2022) found that anthropometric variables did not show any significant differences [47]. Our study also showed that when a weight loss diet is accompanied with a synbiotic fermented beverage, the reductions in several biochemical profiles, such as HOMA index and serum insulin, are significantly greater than when a weight loss diet is used alone. This could imply that the synbiotic beverage and associated changes in serum insulin levels could be linked to maintaining normal blood glucose levels in obesity [43].
There are controversial results regarding the efficacy of prebiotics and synbiotics on glucose levels as some studies, like ours, have not found these favorable effects [35]. Some studies showed no significant effects on glycemic and lipid profiles [50,51,52]. These controversial results may be attributed to factors such as the use of different probiotic strains and prebiotic types, the clinical characteristics of the participants, and the lack of appropriate instructions, among others [35,52,53].
No other studies are available regarding potential significant changes in the Mexican population, indicating that the effects of these types of beverages should be further explored in Latin populations given the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases in these populations [54,55,56]. There is a considerable need for clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of these Mexican fermented beverages due to their low cost and accessibility in our country [53,56].

5. Conclusions

The present study revealed that a dietary intervention combined with the use of a Mexican fermented beverage can result in improvements in body composition in a group of women with type 2 diabetes, overweight, and obesity. However, the overall results of the biochemical profiles did not show the expected changes. Nonetheless, several authors have demonstrated that fermented beverages can lead to improvements in biochemical markers, highlighting that symbiotics can be effective tools for women with chronic diseases. Our study, however, faced limitations in proving this due to various factors, such as the conditions of the study and adherence to the instructions, among others.
These results may be influenced by lifestyle factors, adherence to medical treatments, dietary habits, stress, physical activity, hormonal variations, and other factors in the participants. The combination of a synbiotic Mexican fermented beverage and a moderate calorie-restricted diet showed significant potential benefits for these participants. It is also important to note that gut microbiota was not analyzed in our study, and further research should focus on this aspect. It is recommended that a follow-up be considered for participants to keep them motivated and ensure continued adherence to the treatment.
Further studies are needed to continue investigating the benefits of synbiotic fermented beverages. A dietary intervention combined with the use of a fermented beverage could serve as an additional treatment for diabetes, overweight, and obesity, offering a potential alternative treatment for non-communicable diseases and providing a low-cost option for healthcare professionals in Mexico.

Author Contributions

L.C.-G., P.R.-R. and E.L.-P.: Conceptualization, Investigation, and Writing—Original Draft. B.P.-A., M.d.L.M.-J., M.d.R.B.-L., D.S.Z.-M. and J.C.R.-E.: Main Idea, Project Administration, Funding Acquisition, Writing—Original Draft, Supervision, and Visualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study protocol was reviewed and approved by Comité de Ética en Investigación del Decanato de Ciencias Médicas UPAEP [approval number CEIUPAEP18/2021]. Date: 5 November 2021.

Informed Consent Statement

For this study, an informed consent form was signed by all the women involved. The final data and these consent forms are kept safe by the main author.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to all the women that freely participated in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that this research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Study flow chart and enrollment.
Figure 1. Study flow chart and enrollment.
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Figure 2. Post-serum insulin (µIU/mL) box and whisker plot.
Figure 2. Post-serum insulin (µIU/mL) box and whisker plot.
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Figure 3. Post-HOMA index serum box and whisker plot. Note. HOMA index, Homeostatic Model Assessment index.
Figure 3. Post-HOMA index serum box and whisker plot. Note. HOMA index, Homeostatic Model Assessment index.
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Table 1. Body composition parameters before and after the 12-week intervention in the different groups.
Table 1. Body composition parameters before and after the 12-week intervention in the different groups.
G1G2G3G4
CharacteristicBeforeAfterpBeforeAfterpBeforeAfterpBeforeAfterp
Number15 12 13 11
Weight (kg)74.5 (13.3)73.6 (12.5)0.10577.7 (11.9)76.3 (12.2)0.015 *74.4 (13.2)73.7 (13.1)0.2872.3 (10.9)73.3 (12.0)0.102
Waist circumference (cm)95.2 (10.5)92.6 (10.6)0.017 *99.8 (11.3)97 (10)0.006 *97.5 (9.2)94.9 (9.1)0.09992.7 (6.0)92.8 (7.2)0.475
Hip circumference (cm)107.3 (11.3)105.5 (9.6)0.029 *110.1 (7.7)108.8 (11.2)0.183107.9 (12.3)104.3 (12.2)0.051104.7 (8.4)105.2 (6.4)0.403
Waist/hip ratio0.89 (0.06)0.87 (0.05)0.1410.90 (0.07)0.8 (0.06)0.1690.90 (0.07)0.9 (0.08)0.270.8 (0.06)0.8 (0.06)0.411
BMI29.6 (5.1)29.1 (4.8)0.044 *31.7 (3.8)30.8 (3.9)<0.001 *30.7 (4.5)30.4 (4.7)0.28129.7 (2.4)29.9 (3.1)0.215
Fat mass (%)39.5 (4.9)38.7 (5.1)0.07441.6 (4.8)39.1 (5.5)0.003 *40.8 (4.8)40.3 (4.7)0.30137.5 (4.2)38.4 (3.7)0.070
Fat mass (kg)29.9 (8.5)27.5 (9.4)0.05832.7 (8.1)30.9 (8.1)<0.001 *30.9 (9.1)30.2 (9.0)0.26227.4 (6.6)28.4 (7.1)0.063
Fat free mass (%)44.5 (5.7)44.6 (5.7)0.38644.9 (4.6)45.4 (4.6)0.17743.5 (4.6)43.4 (5.0)0.42444.9 (5.4)44.7 (5.3)0.373
Total body water (%)32.6 (4.1)32.6 (4.2)0.42432.9 (3.4)32.4 (4.1)0.29231.8 (3.4)31.8 (3.6)0.44832.8 (4.0)32.7 (3.9)0.369
Note. n = 51. G = group; BMI, body mass index. Results expressed as mean (SD: standard deviation). * p < 0.05.
Table 2. Biochemical profiles before and after the 12-week dietary intervention in the different groups.
Table 2. Biochemical profiles before and after the 12-week dietary intervention in the different groups.
G1G2G3G4
CharacteristicBeforeAfterpBeforeAfterpBeforeAfterpBeforeAfterp
Number 15 12 13 11
TC (mg/dL) 202.5 (47.0) 198.4 (44.2) 0.548 197.2 (30.5) 185.4 (24.3) 0.006 * 200.9 (33.2) 200.6 (32.5) 0.467 206.7 (72.0) 206.3 (64.4) 0.479
HDL-C (mg/dL) 38.2 (12.3) 35.8 (8.3) 0.251 38.13 (10.0) 33.8 (8.1) 0.01 * 37.8 (10.0) 36.9 (7.0) 0.322 41.0 (9.4) 39.1 (9.9) 0.184
LDL-C (mg/dL) 95.5 (41.5) 110.4 (38.9) 0.012 * 101.3 (22.3) 94.2 (19.0) 0.054 97.6 (23.3) 112.4 (23.8) 0.034 * 114.0 (60.0) 117.8 (55.1) 0.302
TG (mg/dL) 144.9 (131.6) 140.5 (73.4) 0.846 125.7 (62.3) 158.4 (75.0) 0.006 * 149.2 (98.9) 149.1 (55.9) 0.498 118.3 (51.9) 125.7 (67.6) 0.338
Glucose (mg/dL) 77.3 (25.2) 109.6 (58.1) 0.021 * 77.9 (33.7) 88.6 (13.1) 0.091 91.8 (26.2) 102.4 (55.3) 0.157 71.9 (10.8) 87.3 (11.3) 0.001 *
HbA1C (mmol/mol) 48.3 (15.9) 48.6 (17.9) 0.438 46.5 (15.6) 46.7 (10.4) 0.479 48.0 (16.5) 48.7 (19.5) 0.271 41.7 (3.6) 40.8 (5.4) 0.31
Serum insulin (µIU/mL) 22.8 (21.4) 31.4 (22.3) 0.004 * 14.2 (5.1) 14.2 (6.9) 0.489 24.7 (17.9) 17.3 (8.7) 0.093 12.5 (5.1) 13.9 (8.8) 0.312
HOMA index 4.0 (3.7) 9.1 (10.6) 0.033 * 2.6 (0.98) 3.1 (1.8) 0.155 5.9 (5.4) 4.1 (2.5) 0.15 2.2 (1.1) 2.9 (1.9) 0.129
Note. n = 51. G = Group; TC, Total Cholesterol; HDL-C, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HbA1c, Glycosylated Hemoglobin; HOMA index, Homeostatic Model Assessment index. Results expressed as mean (SD: standard deviation). * p < 0.05.
Table 3. Pearson correlation coefficients (r2) of the relation between body composition parameters and biochemical profiles before and after the 12-week dietary intervention.
Table 3. Pearson correlation coefficients (r2) of the relation between body composition parameters and biochemical profiles before and after the 12-week dietary intervention.
Weight-BWc-BHc-BWH ratio-BBMI-BFTM (%)-BFM (kg)-BTC-BHDL-C-BLDL-C-BGlucose-BTG-BHbA1C-BSI-BHOMA-I-B
Weight-Ar20.971 **0.733 **0.853 **−0.0960.834 **0.705 **0.913 **0.04−0.0720.154−0.319 *−0.126−0.2680.1690.045
p<0.001<0.001<0.0010.504<0.001<0.001<0.0010.7780.6160.2820.0230.3790.0570.2370.754
Wc-Ar20.688 **0.861 **0.632 **0.347 *0.730 **0.639 **0.708 **0.099−0.0490.153−0.145−0.006−0.0570.0710.04
p<0.001<0.001<0.0010.013<0.001<0.001<0.0010.4880.7310.2830.310.9650.6930.6220.78
Hc-Ar20.798 **0.641 **0.852 **−0.2120.822 **0.704 **0.801 **−0.0320.0150.005−0.343 *−0.066−0.319 *0.1920.089
p<0.001<0.001<0.0010.135<0.001<0.001<0.0010.8230.9190.9730.0140.6450.0230.1760.535
WH ratio-Ar2−0.1070.324 *−0.240.727 **−0.072−0.04−0.0790.181−0.0930.1980.278*0.0930.366 **−0.152−0.056
p0.4560.020.089<0.0010.6170.7810.5820.2040.5140.1640.0490.5140.0080.2860.694
BMI-Ar20.787 **0.718 **0.808 **−0.0510.958 **0.668 **0.785 **−0.031−0.0890.026−0.216−0.015−0.297 *0.0780.022
p<0.001<0.001<0.0010.724<0.001<0.001<0.0010.8270.5360.8580.1270.9170.0340.5840.879
FTM (%)-Ar20.703 **0.623 **0.729 **−0.0730.698 **0.850 **0.806 **0.1160.0890.167−0.196−0.057−0.1830.2090.179
p<0.001<0.001<0.0010.611<0.001<0.001<0.0010.4190.5340.2420.1690.6910.20.1410.208
FM (kg)-Ar20.881 **0.749 **0.839 **−0.0530.848 **0.771 **0.892 **−0.015−0.0270.051−0.229−0.035−0.1880.2090.122
p<0.001<0.001<0.0010.714<0.001<0.001<0.0010.9180.850.7230.1070.8050.1860.1410.392
TC-Ar2−0.034−0.074−0.025−0.043−0.088−0.029−0.0320.900 **0.2270.754 **0.0060.1430.060.0120.022
p0.8150.6050.8610.7630.5390.8420.822<0.0010.109<0.0010.9650.3180.6740.9320.879
HDL-C-Ar2−0.026−0.0840.03−0.1470.004−0.014−0.0080.2160.776 **0.1970.012−0.2590.02−0.0040.036
p0.8570.5590.8340.3030.9750.9220.9560.127<0.0010.1650.9350.0660.8910.9790.801
LDL-C-Ar20.059−0.0320.053−0.079−0.0320.0150.0430.841 **0.2090.818 **−0.079−0.07−0.0060.0220.015
p0.680.8230.710.5790.8230.9180.764<0.0010.142<0.0010.5790.6260.9680.8780.914
TG-Ar2−0.1460.084−0.1260.272−0.011−0.076−0.1290.202−0.308 *−0.1040.2440.679 **0.176−0.066−0.041
p0.3080.560.3770.0540.9380.5960.3670.1560.0280.4660.085<0.0010.2160.6450.774
Glucose-Ar2−0.1170.089−0.1480.306 *−0.211−0.112−0.115−0.016−0.043−0.0530.465 **0.0050.835 **0.1090.119
p0.4130.5350.2990.0290.1380.4320.4220.9090.7620.712<0.0010.974<0.0010.4480.404
HbA1C-Ar2−0.1360.095−0.1440.305 *−0.187−0.055−0.097−0.036−0.009−0.0350.540 **−0.0740.870 **0.0940.125
p0.340.5060.3130.030.1890.7020.4970.8020.9470.808<0.0010.604<0.0010.5120.381
SI-Ar20.409 **0.2340.337 *−0.1140.2710.2150.333 *−0.0090.016−0.09−0.2270.0370.0030.639 **0.383 **
p0.0030.0980.0160.4280.0540.1290.0170.9520.9090.530.110.7990.985<0.0010.006
HOMA-I-Ar20.283 *0.2520.2260.0460.1020.1740.243−0.001−0.046−0.068−0.121−0.0060.350 *0.478 **0.246
p0.0440.0750.1120.7490.4750.2230.0850.9930.7470.6360.3960.9650.012<0.0010.082
Note. n = 51. A, after; B, before; FTM (%), fat mass (%); FM (kg), fat mass (kg); Wc, waist circumference; Hc, hip circumference (cm); WH ratio, waist/hip ratio; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SI, serum insulin; HOMA-I, HOMA index. r2: Pearson product-moment correlation squared; coefficient of determination. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
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Rodríguez-Rugarcía, P.; Cuamatzin-García, L.; Meza-Jiménez, M.d.L.; Baños-Lara, M.d.R.; Zaragoza-Maldonado, D.S.; Rodríguez-Espinosa, J.C.; Lozada-Pérezmitre, E.; Pérez-Armendáriz, B. The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity. Fermentation 2025, 11, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231

AMA Style

Rodríguez-Rugarcía P, Cuamatzin-García L, Meza-Jiménez MdL, Baños-Lara MdR, Zaragoza-Maldonado DS, Rodríguez-Espinosa JC, Lozada-Pérezmitre E, Pérez-Armendáriz B. The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity. Fermentation. 2025; 11(4):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodríguez-Rugarcía, Paola, Leonel Cuamatzin-García, María de Lourdes Meza-Jiménez, Ma. del Rocío Baños-Lara, Diego Salatiel Zaragoza-Maldonado, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Espinosa, Erika Lozada-Pérezmitre, and Beatriz Pérez-Armendáriz. 2025. "The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity" Fermentation 11, no. 4: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231

APA Style

Rodríguez-Rugarcía, P., Cuamatzin-García, L., Meza-Jiménez, M. d. L., Baños-Lara, M. d. R., Zaragoza-Maldonado, D. S., Rodríguez-Espinosa, J. C., Lozada-Pérezmitre, E., & Pérez-Armendáriz, B. (2025). The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity. Fermentation, 11(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231

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