The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Before | After | p | Before | After | p | Before | After | p | Before | After | p |
Number | 15 | 12 | 13 | 11 | ||||||||
Weight (kg) | 74.5 (13.3) | 73.6 (12.5) | 0.105 | 77.7 (11.9) | 76.3 (12.2) | 0.015 * | 74.4 (13.2) | 73.7 (13.1) | 0.28 | 72.3 (10.9) | 73.3 (12.0) | 0.102 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 95.2 (10.5) | 92.6 (10.6) | 0.017 * | 99.8 (11.3) | 97 (10) | 0.006 * | 97.5 (9.2) | 94.9 (9.1) | 0.099 | 92.7 (6.0) | 92.8 (7.2) | 0.475 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 107.3 (11.3) | 105.5 (9.6) | 0.029 * | 110.1 (7.7) | 108.8 (11.2) | 0.183 | 107.9 (12.3) | 104.3 (12.2) | 0.051 | 104.7 (8.4) | 105.2 (6.4) | 0.403 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.89 (0.06) | 0.87 (0.05) | 0.141 | 0.90 (0.07) | 0.8 (0.06) | 0.169 | 0.90 (0.07) | 0.9 (0.08) | 0.27 | 0.8 (0.06) | 0.8 (0.06) | 0.411 |
BMI | 29.6 (5.1) | 29.1 (4.8) | 0.044 * | 31.7 (3.8) | 30.8 (3.9) | <0.001 * | 30.7 (4.5) | 30.4 (4.7) | 0.281 | 29.7 (2.4) | 29.9 (3.1) | 0.215 |
Fat mass (%) | 39.5 (4.9) | 38.7 (5.1) | 0.074 | 41.6 (4.8) | 39.1 (5.5) | 0.003 * | 40.8 (4.8) | 40.3 (4.7) | 0.301 | 37.5 (4.2) | 38.4 (3.7) | 0.070 |
Fat mass (kg) | 29.9 (8.5) | 27.5 (9.4) | 0.058 | 32.7 (8.1) | 30.9 (8.1) | <0.001 * | 30.9 (9.1) | 30.2 (9.0) | 0.262 | 27.4 (6.6) | 28.4 (7.1) | 0.063 |
Fat free mass (%) | 44.5 (5.7) | 44.6 (5.7) | 0.386 | 44.9 (4.6) | 45.4 (4.6) | 0.177 | 43.5 (4.6) | 43.4 (5.0) | 0.424 | 44.9 (5.4) | 44.7 (5.3) | 0.373 |
Total body water (%) | 32.6 (4.1) | 32.6 (4.2) | 0.424 | 32.9 (3.4) | 32.4 (4.1) | 0.292 | 31.8 (3.4) | 31.8 (3.6) | 0.448 | 32.8 (4.0) | 32.7 (3.9) | 0.369 |
G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Before | After | p | Before | After | p | Before | After | p | Before | After | p |
Number | 15 | 12 | 13 | 11 | ||||||||
TC (mg/dL) | 202.5 (47.0) | 198.4 (44.2) | 0.548 | 197.2 (30.5) | 185.4 (24.3) | 0.006 * | 200.9 (33.2) | 200.6 (32.5) | 0.467 | 206.7 (72.0) | 206.3 (64.4) | 0.479 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 38.2 (12.3) | 35.8 (8.3) | 0.251 | 38.13 (10.0) | 33.8 (8.1) | 0.01 * | 37.8 (10.0) | 36.9 (7.0) | 0.322 | 41.0 (9.4) | 39.1 (9.9) | 0.184 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 95.5 (41.5) | 110.4 (38.9) | 0.012 * | 101.3 (22.3) | 94.2 (19.0) | 0.054 | 97.6 (23.3) | 112.4 (23.8) | 0.034 * | 114.0 (60.0) | 117.8 (55.1) | 0.302 |
TG (mg/dL) | 144.9 (131.6) | 140.5 (73.4) | 0.846 | 125.7 (62.3) | 158.4 (75.0) | 0.006 * | 149.2 (98.9) | 149.1 (55.9) | 0.498 | 118.3 (51.9) | 125.7 (67.6) | 0.338 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 77.3 (25.2) | 109.6 (58.1) | 0.021 * | 77.9 (33.7) | 88.6 (13.1) | 0.091 | 91.8 (26.2) | 102.4 (55.3) | 0.157 | 71.9 (10.8) | 87.3 (11.3) | 0.001 * |
HbA1C (mmol/mol) | 48.3 (15.9) | 48.6 (17.9) | 0.438 | 46.5 (15.6) | 46.7 (10.4) | 0.479 | 48.0 (16.5) | 48.7 (19.5) | 0.271 | 41.7 (3.6) | 40.8 (5.4) | 0.31 |
Serum insulin (µIU/mL) | 22.8 (21.4) | 31.4 (22.3) | 0.004 * | 14.2 (5.1) | 14.2 (6.9) | 0.489 | 24.7 (17.9) | 17.3 (8.7) | 0.093 | 12.5 (5.1) | 13.9 (8.8) | 0.312 |
HOMA index | 4.0 (3.7) | 9.1 (10.6) | 0.033 * | 2.6 (0.98) | 3.1 (1.8) | 0.155 | 5.9 (5.4) | 4.1 (2.5) | 0.15 | 2.2 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.9) | 0.129 |
Weight-B | Wc-B | Hc-B | WH ratio-B | BMI-B | FTM (%)-B | FM (kg)-B | TC-B | HDL-C-B | LDL-C-B | Glucose-B | TG-B | HbA1C-B | SI-B | HOMA-I-B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight-A | r2 | 0.971 ** | 0.733 ** | 0.853 ** | −0.096 | 0.834 ** | 0.705 ** | 0.913 ** | 0.04 | −0.072 | 0.154 | −0.319 * | −0.126 | −0.268 | 0.169 | 0.045 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.504 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.778 | 0.616 | 0.282 | 0.023 | 0.379 | 0.057 | 0.237 | 0.754 | |
Wc-A | r2 | 0.688 ** | 0.861 ** | 0.632 ** | 0.347 * | 0.730 ** | 0.639 ** | 0.708 ** | 0.099 | −0.049 | 0.153 | −0.145 | −0.006 | −0.057 | 0.071 | 0.04 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.013 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.488 | 0.731 | 0.283 | 0.31 | 0.965 | 0.693 | 0.622 | 0.78 | |
Hc-A | r2 | 0.798 ** | 0.641 ** | 0.852 ** | −0.212 | 0.822 ** | 0.704 ** | 0.801 ** | −0.032 | 0.015 | 0.005 | −0.343 * | −0.066 | −0.319 * | 0.192 | 0.089 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.135 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.823 | 0.919 | 0.973 | 0.014 | 0.645 | 0.023 | 0.176 | 0.535 | |
WH ratio-A | r2 | −0.107 | 0.324 * | −0.24 | 0.727 ** | −0.072 | −0.04 | −0.079 | 0.181 | −0.093 | 0.198 | 0.278* | 0.093 | 0.366 ** | −0.152 | −0.056 |
p | 0.456 | 0.02 | 0.089 | <0.001 | 0.617 | 0.781 | 0.582 | 0.204 | 0.514 | 0.164 | 0.049 | 0.514 | 0.008 | 0.286 | 0.694 | |
BMI-A | r2 | 0.787 ** | 0.718 ** | 0.808 ** | −0.051 | 0.958 ** | 0.668 ** | 0.785 ** | −0.031 | −0.089 | 0.026 | −0.216 | −0.015 | −0.297 * | 0.078 | 0.022 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.724 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.827 | 0.536 | 0.858 | 0.127 | 0.917 | 0.034 | 0.584 | 0.879 | |
FTM (%)-A | r2 | 0.703 ** | 0.623 ** | 0.729 ** | −0.073 | 0.698 ** | 0.850 ** | 0.806 ** | 0.116 | 0.089 | 0.167 | −0.196 | −0.057 | −0.183 | 0.209 | 0.179 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.611 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.419 | 0.534 | 0.242 | 0.169 | 0.691 | 0.2 | 0.141 | 0.208 | |
FM (kg)-A | r2 | 0.881 ** | 0.749 ** | 0.839 ** | −0.053 | 0.848 ** | 0.771 ** | 0.892 ** | −0.015 | −0.027 | 0.051 | −0.229 | −0.035 | −0.188 | 0.209 | 0.122 |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.714 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.918 | 0.85 | 0.723 | 0.107 | 0.805 | 0.186 | 0.141 | 0.392 | |
TC-A | r2 | −0.034 | −0.074 | −0.025 | −0.043 | −0.088 | −0.029 | −0.032 | 0.900 ** | 0.227 | 0.754 ** | 0.006 | 0.143 | 0.06 | 0.012 | 0.022 |
p | 0.815 | 0.605 | 0.861 | 0.763 | 0.539 | 0.842 | 0.822 | <0.001 | 0.109 | <0.001 | 0.965 | 0.318 | 0.674 | 0.932 | 0.879 | |
HDL-C-A | r2 | −0.026 | −0.084 | 0.03 | −0.147 | 0.004 | −0.014 | −0.008 | 0.216 | 0.776 ** | 0.197 | 0.012 | −0.259 | 0.02 | −0.004 | 0.036 |
p | 0.857 | 0.559 | 0.834 | 0.303 | 0.975 | 0.922 | 0.956 | 0.127 | <0.001 | 0.165 | 0.935 | 0.066 | 0.891 | 0.979 | 0.801 | |
LDL-C-A | r2 | 0.059 | −0.032 | 0.053 | −0.079 | −0.032 | 0.015 | 0.043 | 0.841 ** | 0.209 | 0.818 ** | −0.079 | −0.07 | −0.006 | 0.022 | 0.015 |
p | 0.68 | 0.823 | 0.71 | 0.579 | 0.823 | 0.918 | 0.764 | <0.001 | 0.142 | <0.001 | 0.579 | 0.626 | 0.968 | 0.878 | 0.914 | |
TG-A | r2 | −0.146 | 0.084 | −0.126 | 0.272 | −0.011 | −0.076 | −0.129 | 0.202 | −0.308 * | −0.104 | 0.244 | 0.679 ** | 0.176 | −0.066 | −0.041 |
p | 0.308 | 0.56 | 0.377 | 0.054 | 0.938 | 0.596 | 0.367 | 0.156 | 0.028 | 0.466 | 0.085 | <0.001 | 0.216 | 0.645 | 0.774 | |
Glucose-A | r2 | −0.117 | 0.089 | −0.148 | 0.306 * | −0.211 | −0.112 | −0.115 | −0.016 | −0.043 | −0.053 | 0.465 ** | 0.005 | 0.835 ** | 0.109 | 0.119 |
p | 0.413 | 0.535 | 0.299 | 0.029 | 0.138 | 0.432 | 0.422 | 0.909 | 0.762 | 0.712 | <0.001 | 0.974 | <0.001 | 0.448 | 0.404 | |
HbA1C-A | r2 | −0.136 | 0.095 | −0.144 | 0.305 * | −0.187 | −0.055 | −0.097 | −0.036 | −0.009 | −0.035 | 0.540 ** | −0.074 | 0.870 ** | 0.094 | 0.125 |
p | 0.34 | 0.506 | 0.313 | 0.03 | 0.189 | 0.702 | 0.497 | 0.802 | 0.947 | 0.808 | <0.001 | 0.604 | <0.001 | 0.512 | 0.381 | |
SI-A | r2 | 0.409 ** | 0.234 | 0.337 * | −0.114 | 0.271 | 0.215 | 0.333 * | −0.009 | 0.016 | −0.09 | −0.227 | 0.037 | 0.003 | 0.639 ** | 0.383 ** |
p | 0.003 | 0.098 | 0.016 | 0.428 | 0.054 | 0.129 | 0.017 | 0.952 | 0.909 | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.799 | 0.985 | <0.001 | 0.006 | |
HOMA-I-A | r2 | 0.283 * | 0.252 | 0.226 | 0.046 | 0.102 | 0.174 | 0.243 | −0.001 | −0.046 | −0.068 | −0.121 | −0.006 | 0.350 * | 0.478 ** | 0.246 |
p | 0.044 | 0.075 | 0.112 | 0.749 | 0.475 | 0.223 | 0.085 | 0.993 | 0.747 | 0.636 | 0.396 | 0.965 | 0.012 | <0.001 | 0.082 |
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Rodríguez-Rugarcía, P.; Cuamatzin-García, L.; Meza-Jiménez, M.d.L.; Baños-Lara, M.d.R.; Zaragoza-Maldonado, D.S.; Rodríguez-Espinosa, J.C.; Lozada-Pérezmitre, E.; Pérez-Armendáriz, B. The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity. Fermentation 2025, 11, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231
Rodríguez-Rugarcía P, Cuamatzin-García L, Meza-Jiménez MdL, Baños-Lara MdR, Zaragoza-Maldonado DS, Rodríguez-Espinosa JC, Lozada-Pérezmitre E, Pérez-Armendáriz B. The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity. Fermentation. 2025; 11(4):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Rugarcía, Paola, Leonel Cuamatzin-García, María de Lourdes Meza-Jiménez, Ma. del Rocío Baños-Lara, Diego Salatiel Zaragoza-Maldonado, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Espinosa, Erika Lozada-Pérezmitre, and Beatriz Pérez-Armendáriz. 2025. "The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity" Fermentation 11, no. 4: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231
APA StyleRodríguez-Rugarcía, P., Cuamatzin-García, L., Meza-Jiménez, M. d. L., Baños-Lara, M. d. R., Zaragoza-Maldonado, D. S., Rodríguez-Espinosa, J. C., Lozada-Pérezmitre, E., & Pérez-Armendáriz, B. (2025). The Effects of a Dietary Intervention with a Synbiotic Beverage on Women with Type 2 Diabetes, Overweight, or Obesity. Fermentation, 11(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11040231