Production, Characterization, and Activation of Biochars from a Mixture of Waste Insulation Electric Cables (WIEC) and Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass (WLB)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstock
2.2. Carbonization Experiments
2.3. Biochar Washing Process
2.4. Biochar Activation Process
2.5. Biochar Characterization
2.5.1. Elemental Analysis
2.5.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.5.3. High Heating Value and Low Heating Value
2.5.4. Chlorine Content and Mineral Composition
2.5.5. Ash Content
2.5.6. Apparent Density
2.5.7. Fourier-Transform Infrared
2.5.8. Nitrogen Adsorption at 77 K
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biochar Yield, Enery Yield and Energetic Densification
3.2. Biochar Characterization
3.2.1. Elemental Analysis and Heating Value
3.2.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.2.3. Mass Yield, Ash Content, Chlorine Removal Potential and Apparent Density of the Biochars
3.2.4. Mineral Composition
3.2.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.2.6. Nitrogen Adsorption at 77 K
4. Conclusions
- The percentage of carbon present in the original feedstock and in the produced biochars were similar, differing mainly in the percentage of oxygen, which was lower, and in the ash, which increased as the temperature increased.
- The amount of volatile matter in the biochars was lower as the temperature of biochar production increased from 300 to 400 °C.
- The mass yield of biochars was not influenced by the temperature increase, ranging between 70 and 75%.
- The chlorine removal potential for biochars that were washed and activated was above 80%, demonstrating the efficiency of carbonization as a pretreatment for thermochemical processes to remove chlorinated compounds.
- In the FTIR analysis, it was possible to observe that there was a great difference between the spectra of the untreated biochars and the washed biochars, indicating the removal of compounds that were on the surface, such as chlorine. Biochar produced at 400 °C showed the lowest peaks after washing.
- In the analysis of the surfaces of the biochar samples, the differences between temperatures were more noticeable when the biochars were washed. When the activation process was carried out, the biochar samples produced at 300 and 350 °C were very similar, with the biochar produced at 400 °C having a higher surface area.
- Some results for the 350 °C biochars were not similar to the behaviors of the biochars produced at 300 and 400 °C, indicating that, when making the feedstock mixture, the amount of plastic and small metals may have been higher, thus making the carbonization process more difficult.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Temperature | Features |
---|---|---|
B300 | 300 | Biochars were produced at different temperatures. |
B350 | 350 | |
B400 | 400 | |
B300-L | 300 | Biochars were washed in hot water, filtered and dried. |
B350-L | 350 | |
B400-L | 400 | |
B300-A | 300 | Biochars were washed in hot water, filtered and dried and were submitted to an activation process with KOH 2 N. |
B350-A | 350 | |
B400-A | 400 |
Parameters | WIEC/WLB | B300 | B350 | B400 | B300-L | B350-L | B400-L | B300-A | B350-A | B400-A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (wt.%, db) | 52.3 | 40.77 | 42.64 | 43.95 | 42.38 | 43.06 | 43.14 | 41.59 | 35.22 | 47.44 |
H (wt.%, db) | 2.5 | 4.02 | 3.74 | 2.83 | 2.81 | 3.33 | 3.76 | 4.34 | 3.56 | 5.12 |
N (wt.%, db) | 0.2 | 5.08 | 4.24 | 4.01 | 12.9 | 11.38 | 10.41 | 0.9 | 0.85 | 0.51 |
S (wt.%, db) | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. | <d.l. |
O (wt.%, db) | 45.0 | 50.13 | 49.38 | 49.21 | 41.91 | 42.23 | 42.69 | 53.17 | 60.37 | 46.93 |
HHV (MJ/kg, db) | 21.23 | 18.15 | 18.27 | 18.45 | 19.6 | 19.67 | 19.71 | - | - | - |
LHV (MJ/kg, db) | 19.88 | 15.98 | 16.25 | 16.92 | 18.08 | 17.87 | 17.68 | - | - | - |
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Mota-Panizio, R.; Assis, A.; Carmo-Calado, L.; Nobre, C.; Longo, A.; Silveira, J.; Goncalves, M.M.; Brito, P. Production, Characterization, and Activation of Biochars from a Mixture of Waste Insulation Electric Cables (WIEC) and Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass (WLB). C 2023, 9, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9020049
Mota-Panizio R, Assis A, Carmo-Calado L, Nobre C, Longo A, Silveira J, Goncalves MM, Brito P. Production, Characterization, and Activation of Biochars from a Mixture of Waste Insulation Electric Cables (WIEC) and Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass (WLB). C. 2023; 9(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleMota-Panizio, Roberta, Ana Assis, Luís Carmo-Calado, Catarina Nobre, Andrei Longo, José Silveira, Maria Margarida Goncalves, and Paulo Brito. 2023. "Production, Characterization, and Activation of Biochars from a Mixture of Waste Insulation Electric Cables (WIEC) and Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass (WLB)" C 9, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/c9020049