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Communication

H2 Adsorption on Small Pd-Ni Clusters Deposited on N-Doped Graphene: A Theoretical Study

by
Brenda García-Hilerio
,
Lidia Santiago-Silva
,
Adriana Vásquez-García
,
Alejandro Gomez-Sanchez
,
Víctor A. Franco-Luján
and
Heriberto Cruz-Martínez
*
Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT del Valle de Etla, Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena, Santiago Suchilquitongo 68230, Oaxaca, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
C 2024, 10(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030073
Submission received: 15 July 2024 / Revised: 8 August 2024 / Accepted: 10 August 2024 / Published: 13 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)
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Abstract

:
The study of novel materials for H2 storage is essential to consolidate the hydrogen as a clean energy source. In this sense, the H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on pyridinic-type N-doped graphene (PNG) was investigated using density functional theory calculations. First, the properties of Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG were analyzed in detail. Then, the H2 adsorption on these composites was computed. The Eint between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG was greater than that computed in the literature for Pd-based systems embedded on pristine graphene. Consequently, it was deduced that PNG can more significantly stabilize the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters. The analyzed composites exhibited a HOMO–LUMO gap less than 1 eV, indicating good reactivity. Based on the Eads of H2 on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, it was observed that the analyzed systems meet the standards set by the DOE. Therefore, these composites can be viable alternatives for hydrogen storage.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Hydrogen has garnered substantial attention for use as a clean energy source because it possesses a higher energy content per unit weight [1,2,3,4]. A critical challenge associated with hydrogen is the low density under standard conditions. Consequently, different hydrogen storage technologies have been proposed to improve the storage density [5,6]. The liquefaction, compression, or a combination of these two methods are commonly used strategies for hydrogen storage [7,8]. Nevertheless, these technologies are not economically feasible [7,8]. Therefore, the research on hydrogen storage in materials has increased considerably in the past few years [7], considering that novel materials with hydrogen storage properties have sufficiently catered to the standards specified by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [9,10].
Nowadays, numerous researchers have analyzed the feasibility of various materials for use in hydrogen storage [11,12]. The graphene-based structures have gained significant attention due to favorable properties such as good conductivity, high thermal/chemical stability, and high specific surface area [13,14]. Although graphene-based structures may be viable alternatives for hydrogen storage, pristine graphene structures exhibit limited chemical reactivity for hydrogen storage [15]. Consequently, different strategies have been used to improve chemical reactivity of graphene, highlighting the use of defects. It has been reported that defective graphene structures exhibit better reactivity properties compared to pristine graphene [15,16,17,18]. Among the different types of defects implemented in graphene, the use of pyridinic N3-doped graphene (PNG) has been highlighted [19,20,21].
In some studies, PNG properties have been improved by supporting metal atoms or clusters on its surface, which helped to derive optimal properties for different applications [22,23,24]. At a theoretical level, different metal clusters embedded on PNG have been investigated for hydrogen storage [25,26,27,28,29]. For instance, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to study the hydrogen adsorption on Pdn clusters (n = 1–4) embedded on PNG structures [25,26]. In another study, the first-principle computations were employed to study the hydrogen storage on a Sc atom embedded on PNG [27]. More recently, Rh2 and Ti2 dimers embedded on PNG were studied for hydrogen sorption using DFT computations [28]. Finally, the DFT-based computations were employed to investigate the hydrogen storage on a Cu atom embedded on PNG [29]. Among the systems studied, the Pd clusters embedded on PNG structure can be highlighted, since they present promising results for hydrogen storage [25,26]. However, Pd is an expensive and scarce metal. Therefore, Pd alloyed with 3d metals is a well-established strategy to reduce the Pd content in various other applications [30,31]. Also, it is necessary to explore the use of Pd-based bimetal clusters embedded on PNG as materials for hydrogen storage, considering that bimetal clusters exhibit significantly different properties with respect to monometal clusters. In this sense, in this study, the H2 adsorptions on small Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG were studied using DFT calculations. First, the properties of Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG were explored. Then, the H2 adsorption sites and energies on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG were computed.

2. Computational Details

All computations were carried out using the auxiliary DFT (ADFT) implemented in the deMon2k program [32]. For the exchange and correlation contributions, the revised PBE functional was employed [33]. The variational fitting approach was employed to calculate the Coulomb energy [34]. The 18-electron QECP|SD basis set was used for the Pd atoms [35], and the remaining atoms were described using the DZVP-GGA basis set [36]. All computations were performed considering the GEN-A2* auxiliary function set [36]. The restricted open-shell Kohn–Sham computations were performed to avoid spin contaminations for open-shell systems [37]. All structures were optimized in the delocalized internal coordinates that employed the quasi-Newton method [38]. The computational methodology used in this investigation has been previously validated [21,39] and the results obtained agreed with the experimental evidence.
First, the most stable structures for the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters were obtained from the literature [40,41] and reoptimized in this study. To analyze the properties of Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, the PNG structure used in this study is illustrated in Figure 1. We selected this structure because it has been widely utilized to represent the graphene structure [42,43,44]. To obtain the most stable interaction between the Pd4 cluster and the PNG, four different interactions were proposed and optimized, while, for the bimetal Pd4-nNin (n = 1–3) clusters and the PNG, ten different structures were considered and optimized for each system. The interaction energies (EInt) between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG were calculated by employing an equation reported in the literature [21]. For a detailed understanding of the interaction between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG, bond critical points (BCPs) and the Bader charge between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG were calculated. Finally, to gain insights into the reactivity of the studied systems, frontier molecular orbitals were calculated.
Finally, to obtain the most stable H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, various initial adsorptions were investigated. The H2 adsorption energies (Eads) on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG were calculated using the following equation:
Eads = EH2/cluster/PNG − (EH2 + Ecluster/PNG)
where EH2/cluster/PNG is the energy of the H2 molecule adsorbed on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG and where EH2 and Ecluster/PNG are the total energy computed for H2 molecules and Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Properties of Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) Clusters Embedded on PNG

The most stable interactions between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG are reported in Figure 2. For the Pd4 structure embedded on PNG, it was observed that the interaction occurs with a Pd atom in the PNG vacancy, which agrees with the most stable interaction reported in the literature for this system [25,45]. For the Pd3Ni1 structure embedded on PNG, it was observed that the interaction occurred through the Ni atom in the PNG vacancy. For the Pd4-nNin (n = 2 and 3) clusters embedded on PNG, the interactions were through two Ni atoms (one Ni atom in the PNG vacancy and the other Ni atom attached to the carbon atoms of the PNG). On the spin multiplicity of Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, all composites presented a spin multiplicity of 4 (quartet) (Table 1). As the systems studied are open-shell, it is important to know their spin density distributions. The computed results for the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG are illustrated in Figure 3. It was observed that the spin density was located mainly on the metal atoms.
To complement the discussed interaction between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG, BCPs and bond paths were calculated. The computed results are illustrated and reported in Figure 4 and Table 1, respectively. For the Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG (Figure 4a), three BCPs were located between a Pd atom and three N atoms. For the Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on the PNG (Figure 4b), three BCPs were obtained between a Ni atom and three N atoms. It was observed that between the Pd2Ni2 cluster and the PNG (Figure 4c), there were four BCPs, where three were localized between a Ni atom and three N atoms, while the other BCP was localized between a C atom and a Ni atom. Finally, for the Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on the PNG (Figure 4d), five BCPs were computed. Where three BCPs were located between a Ni atom and three N atoms, the other two BCPs were located between a Ni atom and two C atoms.
To better understand the interaction between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and PNG, the Eint and Bader charge transfer were computed (see Table 1). The calculated Eint is greater than that calculated in the literature for Pd-based system embedded on pristine graphene [46,47]. Therefore, it was deduced that PNG can be a better support material to stabilize the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters. It was observed that as the Ni content increases in the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters, the Eint between the clusters and PNG tends to increase. Furthermore, the Eint calculated for the Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG is similar to that calculated in the literature [25,45]. Based on Bader charge analysis, Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters transfer charge to the PNG because they adopt a positive charge (see Table 1). The calculations revealed that the charge transfer between the clusters and the PNG increases with the number of Ni atoms in the cluster, which can be attributed to the electronegativity of metal atoms, where the electronegativity of the Pd atoms is greater than the Ni atoms. Therefore, Ni atoms can transfer charge more easily. The highest charge transfer from the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters to the PNG structure was produced by the metal atoms embedded in the PNG vacancy. It was also observed that C atoms bonded to N atoms transfer charge to the N atoms. When the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters are deposited on the PNG structure, N atoms gain the transferred charge (≈−1.07 e per atom), which is attributed to the electronegativity of these atoms. Finally, to investigate the reactivity of the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, the energy differences between the frontier orbitals (HOMO–LUMO gap) were calculated (see Table 1). The studied composites exhibited a HOMO–LUMO gap less than 1 eV, indicating good reactivity. It was observed that as the Ni content increases in the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters, the HOMO–LUMO gap tends to decrease, which can be associated with an improvement in the reactivity of the composites.

3.2. H2 Adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) Clusters Embedded on PNG

To incorporate novel materials in H2 storage, it is necessary to calculate the Eads of the H2 molecule on the materials of interest. In this sense, the H2 adsorptions on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG were computed. First, the H2 molecule was optimized, where a H-H bond length of 0.749 Å was calculated, which is very similar to experimental data reported in the literature (0.741 Å) [48]. The most stable H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG is illustrated in Figure 5. It was observed that the H2 molecule was adsorbed on a metal atom of the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG. For the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–2) clusters embedded on PNG, the H2 adsorption occurs on a Pd atom, whereas for the Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG, the H2 adsorption occurs on a Ni atom. The calculated interaction mode for the H2 molecule on Pd4 embedded on PNG is like that reported in the literature as the most stable adsorption [25]. When the hydrogen molecule is adsorbed on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, a slight elongation of the H-H bond length is observed (see Table 2), coinciding with previously reported results [25]. On the Eads of the H2 molecule on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG (see Table 2), the calculated values are less than 0.50 eV, inferring that the H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG is via physisorption. Interestingly, the Eads of H2 molecule comply with the standards specified by the DOE (−0.2 to −0.6 eV/H2) [15,49]. Consequently, the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG can be viable alternatives for hydrogen storage. Even though the Eads results show that the proposed materials are good candidates for hydrogen storage, future studies should be aimed at evaluating the gravimetric capacity of Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG for hydrogen storage.

4. Conclusions

In this study, the H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG was studied, employing DFT computations. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first DFT-based study on the H2 adsorption on these composites. Based on the Eint between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG, it was observed that the Eint was greater than that calculated in the literature for Pd-based clusters embedded on pristine graphene. Therefore, it has been deduced that PNG can be a good support material to stabilize the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters. Further, the analyzed composites exhibit a HOMO–LUMO gap less than 1 eV, indicating good reactivity. According to the Eads of H2 on the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG, it was observed that the systems studied meet the standards specified by the DOE. Consequently, these composites can be viable alternatives for hydrogen storage.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.G.-H., L.S.-S. and A.V.-G.; methodology, B.G.-H., L.S.-S. and A.V.-G.; formal analysis, B.G.-H. and A.G.-S.; investigation, B.G.-H., L.S.-S. and A.V.-G.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G.-S., V.A.F.-L. and H.C.-M.; writing—review and editing, V.A.F.-L. and H.C.-M.; funding acquisition, B.G.-H. and H.C.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Tecnológico Nacional de México, grant number 19057.23-P.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Carbon 10 00073 g001
Figure 1. The PNG structure. Blue, yellow, and white spheres represent N, C, and H atoms, respectively.
Figure 1. The PNG structure. Blue, yellow, and white spheres represent N, C, and H atoms, respectively.
Carbon 10 00073 g001
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Figure 2. The most stable interactions between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG. (a) Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
Figure 2. The most stable interactions between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG. (a) Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
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Figure 3. Spin density (red) plots of the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG. (a) Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
Figure 3. Spin density (red) plots of the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG. (a) Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
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Figure 4. The BCPs (orange spheres) and bond paths between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG. (a) Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
Figure 4. The BCPs (orange spheres) and bond paths between the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters and the PNG. (a) Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
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Figure 5. The most stable H2 adsorptions on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG. (a) H2 adsorption on Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) H2 adsorption on Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) H2 adsorption on Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) H2 adsorption on Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
Figure 5. The most stable H2 adsorptions on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG. (a) H2 adsorption on Pd4 cluster embedded on PNG, (b) H2 adsorption on Pd3Ni1 cluster embedded on PNG, (c) H2 adsorption on Pd2Ni2 cluster embedded on PNG, and (d) H2 adsorption on Pd1Ni3 cluster embedded on PNG. Blue, yellow, white, green, and black spheres represent N, C, H, Ni, and Pd atoms, respectively.
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Table 1. Spin multiplicities, Bond critical points (BCPs), interaction energies (Eint), Bader charge analysis, and the HOMO–LUMO gap of the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on pyridinic N-doped graphene (PNG).
Table 1. Spin multiplicities, Bond critical points (BCPs), interaction energies (Eint), Bader charge analysis, and the HOMO–LUMO gap of the Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on pyridinic N-doped graphene (PNG).
Pd4/PNGPd3Ni1/PNGPd2Ni2/PNGPd1Ni3/PNG
Spin multiplicities4444
BCPs3345
Eint (eV)−2.74−4.37−5.00−5.50
Bader charges (e)0.390.540.650.74
HOMO–LUMO gap (eV)1.00.910.710.69
Table 2. Adsorption energies (Eint) and H-H bond length of the H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG.
Table 2. Adsorption energies (Eint) and H-H bond length of the H2 adsorption on Pd4-nNin (n = 0–3) clusters embedded on PNG.
Pd4/PNGPd3Ni1/PNGPd2Ni2/PNGPd1Ni3/PNG
Eads (eV)−0.29−0.31−0.39−0.37
H-H bond lengths (Å)0.830.830.840.85
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MDPI and ACS Style

García-Hilerio, B.; Santiago-Silva, L.; Vásquez-García, A.; Gomez-Sanchez, A.; Franco-Luján, V.A.; Cruz-Martínez, H. H2 Adsorption on Small Pd-Ni Clusters Deposited on N-Doped Graphene: A Theoretical Study. C 2024, 10, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030073

AMA Style

García-Hilerio B, Santiago-Silva L, Vásquez-García A, Gomez-Sanchez A, Franco-Luján VA, Cruz-Martínez H. H2 Adsorption on Small Pd-Ni Clusters Deposited on N-Doped Graphene: A Theoretical Study. C. 2024; 10(3):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030073

Chicago/Turabian Style

García-Hilerio, Brenda, Lidia Santiago-Silva, Adriana Vásquez-García, Alejandro Gomez-Sanchez, Víctor A. Franco-Luján, and Heriberto Cruz-Martínez. 2024. "H2 Adsorption on Small Pd-Ni Clusters Deposited on N-Doped Graphene: A Theoretical Study" C 10, no. 3: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030073

APA Style

García-Hilerio, B., Santiago-Silva, L., Vásquez-García, A., Gomez-Sanchez, A., Franco-Luján, V. A., & Cruz-Martínez, H. (2024). H2 Adsorption on Small Pd-Ni Clusters Deposited on N-Doped Graphene: A Theoretical Study. C, 10(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030073

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