Chemical Signaling in the Turbulent Ocean—Hide and Seek at the Kolmogorov Scale
Abstract
1. Introduction
Theoretical Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Calculations of Trail Lengths and Background Concentrations
2.2. Direct Numerical Simulations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mate Finding is Easier in 2 Dimensions than in 3
3.2. Effect of Turbulence on Chemical Trails
3.3. Background Concentration
3.4. Effect of Near Surface Anisotropic Turbulence on Trail Formation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Calculation of Normalized Mean Signal Concentration
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Parameter | Symbol | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Copepod length | L | 0.1 cm | |
Copepod swimming speed | U | 0.05–1 cm s−1 | [19] |
Copepod concentration | n | 10–12 ind l−1 | sharkweb.smhi.se |
Emission rate of copepodamides * | Q | 17 pmol ind−1 d−1 | [8] |
Sensitivity threshold for copepods | C* | 1 nM | [6] and references there in |
Sensitivity threshold for microplankton | Cp | 20-80 fM | [9] |
Degradation rate | k | 0.21h−1(Ct = C0e−0.21t) | [20] |
Molecular diffusivity | D | 3 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 | [21] |
Kinematic viscosity | ν | 10−2 cm2 s−1 | |
Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy | ε | 10−6–103 cm2 s−3 | [22] |
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Selander, E.; Fredriksson, S.T.; Arneborg, L. Chemical Signaling in the Turbulent Ocean—Hide and Seek at the Kolmogorov Scale. Fluids 2020, 5, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020054
Selander E, Fredriksson ST, Arneborg L. Chemical Signaling in the Turbulent Ocean—Hide and Seek at the Kolmogorov Scale. Fluids. 2020; 5(2):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020054
Chicago/Turabian StyleSelander, Erik, Sam T. Fredriksson, and Lars Arneborg. 2020. "Chemical Signaling in the Turbulent Ocean—Hide and Seek at the Kolmogorov Scale" Fluids 5, no. 2: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020054
APA StyleSelander, E., Fredriksson, S. T., & Arneborg, L. (2020). Chemical Signaling in the Turbulent Ocean—Hide and Seek at the Kolmogorov Scale. Fluids, 5(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020054