Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Cultivation of Meristematic Fungi
2.2. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification
2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4. Thermal Preferences, Salt Tolerance, and Acid Test
2.5. Sensitivity Test to Selected Biocides
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Cultivation and Identification of Meristematic Fungi
3.2. Multi-Locus Phylogeny
3.3. Physiological Analyses on RIF Strains
3.3.1. Thermal Preferences
3.3.2. Salt Tolerance
3.3.3. Carbonate Solubilization Test
3.3.4. Sensitivity to Biocides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Area | Strain | Organism with the Best ITS Match (Accession Number) | Identity (%) | Organism with the Best LSU Match (Accession Number) | Identity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NW | TW-N-Tq | Dothideomycetes sp. (OQ319946) | 99.45 | Dothideomycetes sp. (OQ302485) | 96.12 |
M1 | Lithohypha guttulata (MW361305) | 100 | Lithohypha aloicola (OQ302490) | 100 | |
M7 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ319953) | 98.33 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ302491) | 100 | |
M25 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ319958) | 98.20 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ302495) | 100 | |
M30 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ319954) | 99.24 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ302493) | 100 | |
M32 | Paradevriesia pseudoamericana (OQ319966) | 95.94 | Paradevriesia americana (OQ302498) | 99.27 | |
M34 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ319948) | 99.46 | Lithohypha aloicola (OQ302486) | 100 | |
m15 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ319960) | 99.58 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ302499) | 100 | |
m16 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ319964) | 100 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ302500) | 99.65 | |
m17 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ319961) | 100 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ302501) | 100 | |
m20 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ319952) | 100 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ302505) | 99.52 | |
m21 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ319947) | 99.81 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ302504) | 100 | |
SE | NT-S-5 * | Dothideomycetes sp. (MW361320) | 99.45 | Dothideomycetes sp. (OQ302484) | 99.66 |
M35 | Lithohypha sp. (OQ319956) | 99.44 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ302487) | 99.65 | |
M36 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ319949) | 99.81 | Lithohypha aloicola (OQ302488) | 99.83 | |
M37 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ319965) | 99.15 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ302497) | 100 | |
M38 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ319955) | 98.52 | Coniosporium uncinatum (OQ302492) | 100 | |
M40 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ319957) | 100 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ302494) | 100 | |
M41 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ319950) | 99.82 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ302489) | 100 | |
M43 | Knufia petricola (OQ319962) | 100 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ302496) | 100 | |
m8 | Knufia marmoricola (OQ319963) | 99.60 | Knufia sp. (OQ302502) | 99.65 | |
m10 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ319967) | 100 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ302506) | 99.65 | |
m11 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ319959) | 99.18 | Vermiconia calcicola (OQ302507) | 99.82 | |
m13 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ319951) | 99.81 | Lithohypha guttulata (OQ302503) | 99.82 |
Growth after 28 Days (mm ± SD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Genus | 5 °C | 15 °C | 20 °C | 30 °C * |
m8 | Knufia sp. | 7.83 ± 0.98 | 9.75 ± 1.78 | 7.25 ± 2.53 | 1.38 ± 0.48 |
m10 | Vermiconia sp. | 3.92 ± 0.66 | 3.92 ± 0.38 | 5.02 ± 1.54 | 4.38 ± 0.75 |
m15 | Knufia sp. | 7.17 ± 0.93 | 8.33 ± 0.52 | 10.42 ± 1.20 | 4.83 ± 1.59 |
m16 | Knufia sp. | 8.50 ± 2.05 | 8.00 ± 0.71 | 13.00 ± 1.52 | 4.88 ± 1.31 |
m20 | Lithohypha sp. | 5.38 ± 1.46 | 4.95 ± 1.25 | 5.67 ± 1.17 | 3.88 ± 0.63 |
m21 | Lithohypha sp. | 6.13 ± 0.43 | 6.33 ± 1.51 | 14.00 ± 1.63 | 5.50 ± 2.12 |
M30 | Coniosporium sp. | 4.08 ± 1.20 | 5.17 ± 1.47 | 7.08 ± 0.92 | 4.50 ± 1.08 |
TW-N-Tq | Dothideomycetes sp. | 6.67 ± 1.94 | 8.58 ± 2.42 | 9.17 ± 1.69 | 9.50 ± 2.68 |
Growth after 28 Days (mm ± SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Genus | Control | 5% NaCl * | % Decrease in Growth |
m8 | Knufia sp. | 8.75 ± 2.83 | 1.92 ± 0.49 | 78.1 |
m10 | Vermiconia sp. | 5.30 ± 1.56 | 4.08 ± 1.02 | 22.9 |
m15 | Knufia sp. | 11.75 ± 1.50 | 1.92 ± 0.92 | 83.7 |
m16 | Knufia sp. | 9.25 ± 0.80 | 1.92 ± 0.66 | 79.3 |
m20 | Lithohypha sp. | 5.00 ± 1.00 | 2.17 ± 0.52 | 56.7 |
m21 | Lithohypha sp. | 9.25 ± 0.63 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 100.0 |
M30 | Coniosporium sp. | 9.00 ± 1.56 | 1.63 ± 0.75 | 81.9 |
TW-N-Tq | Dothideomycetes sp. | 8.50 ± 1.42 | 0.00 | 100.0 |
% Decrease in Growth | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO-Origanum (% v/v) | EO-Thymus (% v/v) | BiotinT (% v/v) | ||||||||||
Strain | 0.0025% | 0.005% | 0.012% | 0.025% | 0.0025% | 0.005% | 0.012% | 0.025% | 0.0025% | 0.005% | 0.012% | 0.025% |
m8 | 42 | 45 | 100 | 100 | 33 | 8 | 59 | 100 | 69 | 68 | 81 | 77 |
m10 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 26 |
m15 | 51 | 55 | 100 | 100 | 37 | 32 | 64 | 100 | 32 | 79 | 77 | 94 |
m16 | 25 | 28 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 12 | 44 | 100 | 28 | 40 | 72 | 72 |
m20 | 53 | 66 | 92 | 100 | 36 | 54 | 58 | 91 | 54 | 54 | 56 | 56 |
m21 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 100 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 57 | 6 | 18 | 31 | 35 |
M30 | 4 | 12 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 4 | 39 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 33 |
TW-N-Tq | 38 | 43 | 100 | 100 | 20 | 10 | 57 | 100 | 37 | 45 | 75 | 98 |
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Berti, L.; Marvasi, M.; Perito, B. Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060665
Berti L, Marvasi M, Perito B. Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(6):665. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060665
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerti, Letizia, Massimiliano Marvasi, and Brunella Perito. 2023. "Characterization of the Community of Black Meristematic Fungi Inhabiting the External White Marble of the Florence Cathedral" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 6: 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060665